Top Down And Bottom Up - 1523 Words

Introduction Top-down and Bottom-up are two primary approaches in dealing with management issues. Each of them has strengths and weaknesses. The top-down approach does not involve the bottom employees in making decision while the bottom-up approach involves such people in this process. Generally, the top-down approach often causes confusion of bottom-line people if they do not understand clearly the aims and objectives of the top managers. Therefore, in the case of important issues, it is critical for the managers to communicate well with their employees in order to make agreement within the organization. The case of Centurion Media is an example of the implementation of the top-down approach causing confusion of bottom-line people. Importantly, it is also a good example of business ethics that company should consider during their performances. Problem identification The broad landscape of this case is Centurion Media, a public company with operating divisions in several major media segments. This company owns 25% of common stocks of North Park Media, an immediate-company between the small and medium companies and advertising operators. North Park is examined as the new wage of the future with significant growth recently. Within Centurion Media operation, Centurion Cable TV division, which brings significant revenues to this company, consists of six regions managed by six vice presidents, including Richard Bennett, vice president of the South East region. Since hisShow MoreRelatedTop Down vs Bottom Up1040 Words   |  5 PagesTop-Down, Bottom-Up and Metacognition – Discovering the Mind Angelica Lipscomb PHYC102-1402B-10 Robin Redfern June 15, 2014 Abstract In scientific psychology the question of how information is processed is achieved by asking to what amount a psychological procedure is motivated by top-down as opposed to bottom-up information. The difference between top-down and bottom-up processing is commonly used in experimental psychology. Top-down processing proposes that we form our observations startingRead MoreThe Top Down Approach And The Bottom Up Approach1236 Words   |  5 Pagessemester we have read several articles and chapters with the reoccurring theme of the top-down approach and the bottom-up approach. We were initially introduced to the approaches through the articles How Does it Work? Policy Implementation (Smith Larimar, 2009), Implementing Public Policy (Hill Hupe, 2002) and Implementation and Public Policy chapter 2 (Mazmanian Sabatier, 1983). According to the readings, the top-down model starts with a policy decision and examine the extent to which its legallyRead MoreTop Down Vs Bottom Up Change Essay1 041 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Evaluate the implications of defining the vision for change from the top down relative to the from the bottom up† There is really no organization that it is not faced with a changing situation. Technology and globalization are perhaps the biggest issues impacting most organizations today. The difficulties that loom for creating that change can be intimidating. How should we implement change? Its a simple enough question, surely theres a simple answer-especially since we get to do it so oftenRead MoreReading Approaches of Bottom-up and Top-down Essay2736 Words   |  11 PagesReading Approaches of Bottom-up and Top-down The main two approaches to reading, top-down and bottom-up have produced a great debate towards which is the best approach to teach children to read. Top down reading is also known as the whole language approach in which the meaning of the text relies upon the reader’s background knowledge and his/her use of prediction to anticipate the meaning of the text. (http://www.sedl.org/reading/topics/balanced.html [23.10.01]).Read MoreDefine Bottom Up And Top Down Reading Strategies Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pages1). Define bottom-up and top-down reading strategies. Be sure to give three examples of each strategy. Top- down is the process of understanding the whole picture. This means that the reader does not actually read the text word for word, but instead he uses his prior knowledge to fill up the gaps. The reader experience and his language cognitive abilities allow him to understand the the sentence by looking at keywords that would provide him with enough information based on his prior knowledge toRead MoreSocial Planning : The Top Down And Bottom Up Change Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesSocial planning is limited by the top-down and trickle down approaches that proliferate and impact on social concerns. Neoliberal ideologues and theories primarily based on the economy have impacted on the social investment context of social planning . In this essay, a brief explanation of social planning and its function in relation to top-down and bottom-up change is discussed and evaluated. Further, the theory and practice duality of social planning is presented. The social learning and communicativeRead MoreTop Down Leadership vs Bottom Up Leadership2902 Words   |  12 PagesTop down Leadership versus Bottom up Leadership Top down leadership has in many ways been the cultural gnome in terms of leadership styles for probably the longest time in history Likert termed it Exploitive authoritative. â€Å"In this style, the leader has a low concern for people and uses such methods as threats and other fear-based methods to achieve conformance. Communication is almost entirely downwards and the psychologically distant concerns of people are ignored.† (Likert, 1969) Top down leadershipRead MoreCase Study - Bill Brady Essay example1243 Words   |  5 Pagesand involved too much change too soon. Bill was optimistic when Ben Sage was appointed as the new executive vice president but he quickly became disillusioned and angry when the new staff was brought into the organization and a special group was set up to effect change rather than consider a plan developed by Bill who has over 40 years of company experience. Several of Bills ideas that he had wanted to implement into his own department were implemented by the operations and planning group and theyRead MoreReading Models Are Vital For Twenty First Century Classrooms Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagesalready in the text. This essay will be touching on the top down approach to reading, and how this is a vital tool to twenty first century classrooms. All the while showing how this is used in classroom practice. NCTE shows that as society and technology change ,so does literacy. So therefore the twenty first century demands that students poses a wide range of abilities as well as competencies, with their literacy. (Peer, 1987) The top down approach, allows teachers to help students thrive in todaysRead MoreMonitoring And Evaluation Of Water Related Climate Change Adaptation Interventions1455 Words   |  6 PagesThere are common questions for everybody when they come up with climate change adaptation interventions for particular regions. â€Å"Are they actually contributing to the process of adaptation†? â€Å"Are communities and natural systems less vulnerable and/or better prepared to respond to the impacts of extreme weather events than prior to the interventions†? Or â€Å"Are adaptation policies and projects maladaptive†? â€Å"What does successful adaptation look like†? â€Å"What lessons have been learnt from past and current

Achieving Gender Pay Equity By Marcia D. Leacock - 1656 Words

Although jobs require both women and men to perform the same work, expend the effort, responsibility and skill, they are not paid equally. Employers are continually paying lower wages to women compared to men, which is due to a wide range of societal factors. In order for men and women to be paid equally, tougher laws are needed. Through analyzing the debate over â€Å"Achieving Gender Pay Equity†, it has proven that harsher laws are required for equal pay to be a reality. Marcia D. Greenberger presents some exceptional points in that for every dollar men earn a women will only earn seventy seven cents and that throughout the United States not one state has yet achieved equal pay. Greenberger’s opponent Barbara Berish Brown firmly believes that†¦show more content†¦The Equal Pay Act was signed by President Kennedy in 1963, which was supposed to ensure that employers had to pay equal wages to men and women who perform the same work. Unfortunately, the Equal Pay Act has failed to achieve its goals. For instance, in 2011 one of the largest sex discrimination lawsuits occurred. Female employees sued Wal-Mart for pay disparities. Not only was Wal-Mart paying women less than men for the same work, but they also created an old boys’ network for promotions that prevented women from receiving career advancements. One female employee stated that when she complained about the pay disparity, her manager simply said that women would never make as much money as men because â€Å"God made Adam first.† (Rourke, 2012) This illustrates how society is still basing wages on an ancient and out-of-date belief that a man should be paid more than a woman. According to Barbara Berish Brown the Equal Pay Act is reliable and adequately fixes gender discrimination in the workplace. Contrary to Barbara Berish Browns beliefs the Equal Pay Act does not establish gender pay equity. One of the major reasons why the current law is inadequate is that when a case is brought to court the employer is able to deny the truth of the plaintiff’s allegations or they can argue that there are additional facts that enact a defense to the plaintiff’s lawsuit. These affirmative defenses make it difficult for the plaintiff to prove that there has been a violation of

Perfection free essay sample

Have no fear of perfection-youll never reach it. The first time I heard read this quote I found it embracing. I was a small child at the age of 9 and I felt like I now had an excuse. Perfection is said to be something that can never be accomplished no matter how hard you try. So, why should I try was the first thing that I thought. I felt that at that time I didnt have to be perfect. It was alright to fail or not come close in anything. My parents, teacher, or friends wouldnt look down on me because nobody could be perfect so why should I strive to be any different? No one would judge, except myself. When I was younger I was content with just being good enough in everything whether it was sports, school, or hell even video games. I believed that quote above with such passion that I had become the person which I now hate. We will write a custom essay sample on Perfection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The thought of me not trying to do any better than anyone else at that age still haunts me today. Getting a 75 on a test was just fine with me. Allowing 5 runs in a baseball game was acceptable as well. Not being top honors or on the principals list was fine to. Everything that I did not succeed in with flying colors was nothing to get mad about. At the time of this, now heavily loathed phase. in my personality I didnt realize that improving and chasing perfection was such a benefit. Instead of getting a 75, I could gave gotten a 100. Maybe the chase of perfection academically would have propelled me forward a couple of grades. Maybe if I had tried to improve my pitching my team could have won more games or made it to the playoffs. The possibilities are endless. Nowadays I strive for perfection. Perfection has become almost and obsession with everything I do. I feel like I need to give and get 100% on everything in life now. Wherever I choose to go in life, whatever I decide to be, I feel I have to be the best, I must be perfect. To many this can be a little bit alarming in trying to do everything in life without mistakes or blemishes but, to me, its now a part of my daily routine. I now cant erase that quote from my memory but, I can replace it. They say that perfection is impossible and that it cant be reached, thats because nobody has tried hard enough.

Media Complaints Cases

Introduction The public have a right to complain where thy feel that the press has intruded into their privacy. The cases are heard and decisions are passed. In this paper I will discuss three cases where the complainants felt that their privacy had been intruded by the media. The court had to judge on the issues of right to privacy and freedom of the media to express itself.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Media Complaints Cases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ms Susan Thomson Case There are sensitive news item that involve the photographs of dead people. Recently, the photograph of the dead former president of Libya, Moammar Gaddafi was published in the newspaper and shown in the television media. There are those who have questioned if it is in good taste or even politically correct to publish the photographs of dead people in the media. The case for Gaddafi has not raised much concern due to nature o f his dictatorial rule and the effect it had on the people in his country. The question however is a legitimate question. In a recent media case, the court upheld the complaint of Ms Susan Thomson against the Daily Record on the insensitive nature of the publication of her dead nephew’s photographs. Ms Susan Thomson complained to the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) that an article in the Daily Record was an invasion of privacy. Her nephew’s body had been found on a footpath close to the Author’s Seat. The newspaper showed a photograph of the body wrapped in a sheet that showed the outline of the deceased’s arms and body since he had been loosely covered. Ms Susan felt that the press had no right to expose the nephew like that especially since he is not a celebrity (Greenslade, 2011) The complainant felt that it was the duty of the newspaper to exercise certain levels of restraint. She further stated that the nature of the explicitness in the photograph had shocked all the people who had ever been in contact with him. The media apologised for the publication and even went ahead to remove the photograph from the online publication of the newspaper. However, the media stated that it was their duty to inform the public of tragic events that occur in the society especially death. It did not feel it had broken any Code. It admitted that when reporting such tragic events, it is always hard to strike a balance between reporting the news and maintaining privacy for the afflicted family members. The body had been covered and exposed to the public the way it was therefore it was just a matter of editorial judgement for the media company to decide to publish the photograph or not.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was a matter that had been seriously or highly considered before publication. It had not been taken lightly at all. However, the media communicated that in its line of work such photographs of the deceased were not uncommon. It had been an unfortunate occurrence. The complainant however did not agree to their apology. On the media’s reasons for publication, she communicated that she had no problem whatsoever with the media publishing the story. It was good and important that the public be informed. However, what she had a problem with was the explicit and graphic nature of her nephew’s photograph. The body had been put 300ft up on a cliff therefore the public could not really view the body fully (Bould, 2011) The police therefore did not see the need to erect a privacy screen. When the case went to court the decision was upheld. The court gave its reasons for upholding Ms Susan complaints. In the court’s comments, it accepted that the newspapers indeed had a right to publish tragic events which would undoubtedly upset the afflicted person’s family. The photograph s that would be used by a media company to accompany the story usually were a matter of editorial judgement. The editor would consider the full story and the details that are revealed in the photographs. The court had no issue with the newspaper reporting that a body had been found in a public location that was very well known. However, the court felt that the newspaper was not justified in the publication of the explicit photograph. The outline of the body was visible to the readers of the newspaper and the family was obviously distressed by the media’s action. The Clause 5 of the Editor’s Code demanded that the media should handle the photographs in a sensitive manner. The court deemed that the media had broken the code and did not handle the explicit photograph sensitively. While the court acknowledged the media’s effort of apologising to the complainant the complaint was upheld. Mark and Jo-Anne Pitt Case In another case published on the press commission com plaints website, there arose again the issue of privacy invasion by the media. In 31st March 2011, Mark and Jo-Anne Pitt placed a complaint with the PCC over an article published in the Cambrian News. The media had published an article on the council changes on the taxi services offered to disabled students.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Media Complaints Cases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The parents felt that the newspaper had breached the Media’s Code 3 and 6 on privacy and children respectively. The council had made a decision that the taxi services would no longer be tendered. The parents were angry and criticized the decision. They agreed for the newspaper to publish a photograph of their son however the media was not to expose the name of the child and the condition that he had. In fact the parents had not provided to the media any details on the condition the child was suffering from . Neither had they consented to the publication of these sensitive details. However, the media did not act according to the agreement. Instead the newspaper had published the photograph and his full details. In its defence, the media company said that the driver of the taxi company. The media had understood that the parents had agreed for the full details to be revealed in the media. In fact the photographer stated that one of the parents had been present when the photograph was taken. This had been taken as confirmation that the parents consented to the newspaper’s publication. Despite this, the newspaper acknowledged its error and agreed that it should have sought consent on the publication of the child’s details from the parents themselves. It therefore apologised to the parents. Furthermore, the newspaper had marked the details of the child and it would ensure that the information would be classified and never used in any other publication. It even stated that it w ould write personally to the parents to apologise for what had occurred. The parents accepted the complaints but on certain conditions. First of all, it wanted the media company to apologise publicly for what they had done. The apology was to be made without the company stated that its actions were as a result of misunderstanding. This was an excuse which the parents were not willing to accept. Secondly, the parents wanted the media company to assure them and the public that in the future it would always obtain the parental consent before publishing any child’s details (Press Complaints Commission, 2011). The court in its remarks noted that the publication of an individual’s medical details without their consent clearly raised significant issues. It is an invasion of privacy. In Clause 3 of the Editor’s Code, is stated that the editors will be expected to justify their decision when they breach the code. The media like everyone else or any other organization is expected to respect an individual’s health. Under Clause 6, the media are also expected to respect the children.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The clause specifically states that children should be allowed to pursue their education without unnecessary intrusion. The justification of the media company was not upheld. The court stated that the child’s details had been obtained from a third party and the company should have ensured that the parental consent had been obtained. In fact the media did not independently take any action or steps to ensure that the information it had been obtained had parental consent. The media company was therefore at fault. Mr and Mrs Graeme Hart Case In New Zealand, Mr and Mrs Graeme Hart lodged a complaint with the New Zealand press in 2008 concerning the invasion of privacy by the Herald newspaper. They felt that the article in the newspaper detailing the renovation in their home and particularly the photographs were intrusive. Previously the couple had made an application at the Auckland City Council to obtain consent to make renovations in their home. The newspaper obtained the makeov er plans from the council and tried to contact Mr. Hart on the floor plans. However, he declined to communicate with them. A business associate told the newspaper it would not be appropriate to publish the plans as it would raise security issues. The newspaper however told him that the renovations could be reported without the floor plans being revealed. Further attempts to speak to Mr. Hart on the security issues proved to be unfruitful. The story was published on 26th February showing the interior details of the home. The couple’s lawyer contacted the editor of the newspaper complaining that the details in the photographs were an invasion of privacy. The photographs exposed places in the house such as the reading room and the grandchildren’s reading room where one would not be able to see unless the individual was personally invited into the house by the couple. The couple claimed that there was really no public interest in the planned renovations of the house. They also felt that the photographs had been obtained through deception or duplicity. When the editor’s response was insufficient, the couple took their complaint to the press council. They communicated that the media had breached Code 3, 6 and 9 that covered privacy, children and subterfuge respectively (Press Complaints Commission, 2011). The media justified its actions by saying that since Mr. Hart was the wealthiest man in New Zealand, his home had a high value and the public were highly interested in any developments that touched on his home. The photographs had been obtained from its sister company publication archives and not through deception. Furthermore the photographs did not zoom in to show particular details of the house. The house plans had not been revealed. The editor also revealed that attempts by the newspaper to contact Mr. Hart had been unsuccessful. The court did not uphold the complaint. It stated that the interior of the house could not be seen as only arrow s and textboxes had been used. There was no subterfuge exercised at all. The photographs were public information that could be obtained by anyone. Furthermore they had not been taken exclusively for the article rather they had been obtained from archives. The newspaper did not reveal the number of grandchildren, their names or how often they visited the couple. There were people visible on the house compound however their personal features were so minute that it was really impossible to identify anyone. The fact that the media did not publish the floor plans shows that it respected the couple’s concerns. The court decided that as much as there was a right to privacy there was also the right of the public to be informed and also the right for the media to communicate and express itself. The privacy of the couple had not been invaded and therefore the freedom of expression for the media could not be restricted (New Zealand Press Council, 2008) Conclusion The press councils play an important role in ensuring that the media do not in any way infringe on people’s privacy. It also ensures that the public do not restrict the media’s right to freedom of expression. The court provides an environment where the people get to plead their cases and be heard. Works Cited Bould, Sarah. Daily breached code with dead body photo. 24th October, 2011. Web. Greenslade Roy. Why Daily Record was censured by PCC for using picture of a  dead man. 25th October, 2011. Web. New Zealand Press Council. Case Number: 2048 GRAEME HART AGAINST  HERALD ON SUNDAY. September, 2008. Web. Press Complaints Commission. Ms Susan Thomson v Daily Record. 24th October, 2011. Web. Press Complaints Commission. Mark and Joanne Pitt. 21st July, 2011. Web. This research paper on Media Complaints Cases was written and submitted by user Maurice Middleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Exploring Reliability and Validity

Exploring Reliability and Validity Types of reliability and validity used in the â€Å"Values and Motives Manual† One type of testing reliability used in the article is the inters of valid scores shown by the correlation co-efficient between VMI affection and 16PF are ‘privateness’ with a coefficient of -0.41, social desirability/ impression management with a correlation coefficient of 0.4, and those with higher values (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d., p. 23, table 5). VMI and OPP constructs indicate two scores having a correlation coefficient of 0.7. It indicates that the scores are strongly related. As a result of strong correlation, the social desirable coefficient for the two constructs is 0.58, and a central responding correlate of 0.75. Correlation coefficients that are less than 0.5 (normal) are invalid. For VIM/OPP, the valid scores are altruism/ cynical-trusting (0.51), traditional/ detailed-flexible (-0.58), affiliation/ reserved-gregarious (0.73) among others (Values and Motives Q uestionnaire, n.d., p. 25, table 6). Sample size and nature of population The larger the sample size, the lower the standard error. A high value in the standard error reduces the validity of the test. It may indicate that the scores are different from those in the population. The samples have been selected from a population which tends to have a higher education index than the overall population in the country. The population is more sophisticated because it mainly consists of undergraduate and postgraduate students. The research outcome may be different if the sample if drawn from the country’s population (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d.). An opinion about the test The test is valid and reliable if it used to interpret values among college students. It includes both undergraduate and postgraduate students. However, it cannot be used to make conclusions about the country’s population.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Exploring Reliability and Validity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kaplan, R., Saccuzzo, P. (2009). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues (7th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Phelan, C., Wren, J. (2006). Exploring Reliability in Academic Assessment. Retrieved from https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm Values and Motives Questionnaire. (n.d.). â€Å"Lecture notes†.

Hillary Clinton Bio - Political Career Highlights

Hillary Clinton Bio - Political Career Highlights Hillary Clinton is a Democrat and the partys nominee for president of the United States in the 2016 election. Clinton is also one of the most polarizing figures in modern American politics. She is a former first lady who launched her own political career after leaving the White House. Her primary opponent for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2016 was U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont, a self-described Democratic socialist who drew large crowds after building a solid following among young voters.   If elected, Clinton  would be the first woman president in history.   Many progressive Democrats, however, were lukewarm toward her candidacy because they believed her to be too tied to Wall Street. And Republican Party leaders cheered her candidacy because they believed their nominee would easily beat a scandal-plagued candidate in a general election in which trust would become a major issue.   Related Story: Could Bill Clinton Serve As Hillarys Vice President? Here are some key facts about Hillary Clinton. Hillary Clintons Campaigns for President Clinton has run for the Democratic presidential nomination twice, once in 2008 and again in 2016. She lost the primary race in 2008 to Democratic U.S. Sen. Barack Obama, who went on to win the presidency that year by defeating the Republican nominee, U.S. Sen. John McCain. Clinton won 1,897 delegates in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, short of the 2,118 needed to win the nomination. Obama won 2,230 delegates. Related Story: Why the 2016 Democratic National Convention is Being Held in Philadelphia She was widely seen as the presumptive nominee even before the 2016 campaign began, and she lived up to those expectations in many of the early primaries, including her substantial victories on Super Tuesday of that year. Key Issues When she announcer her candidacy in April of 2015, Clinton made it clear that the biggest issue of her campaign would be the economy and helping the vanishing middle class. In a short video posted on the Internet by her campaign that month, Clinton said: Americans have fought their way back from tough economic times, but the deck is still stacked in favor of those at the top. Everyday Americans need a champion, and I want to be that champion so you can do more than just get by. You can get ahead, and stay ahead. Because when families are strong, America is strong. Related Story: Hillary Clinton on the Issues At Clintons first campaign rally, held in June of 2015, she continued to focus heavily on the economy and the struggles of the middle class hit hard by the Great Recession of the late 2000s. We’re still working our way back from a crisis that happened because time-tested values were replaced by false promises. Instead of an economy built by every American, for every American, we were told that if we let those at the top pay lower taxes and bend the rules, their success would trickle down to everyone else.What happened? Well, instead of a balanced budget with surpluses that could have eventually paid off our national debt, the Republicans twice cut taxes for the wealthiest, borrowed money from other countries to pay for two wars, and family incomes dropped. You know where we ended up. Professional Career Clinton is an attorney by trade.  She served as counsel to the  House Judiciary Committee 1974. She worked as a staffer investigating the impeachment of President Richard M. Nixon amid the Watergate scandal.   Political Career Clintons political career began before she was elected to any public office.   She served as: First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1993: She served in this capacity when her husband served as the 40th and 42nd governor of the state.First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001: She served in this capacity after her husband was elected president and served two terms.U.S. Senator from New York from  Jan. 3, 2001, to Jan. 21, 2009U.S. Secretary of State under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013 Major Controversies Clinton became a polarizing figure in American politics before even being elected. As first lady, she helped draft and propose sweeping changes to the nations health care system, earning the ire of congressional Republicans who believed she was unqualified to oversee the changes and a public that was skeptical of her involvement. The health-reform debacle was critical in framing Hillarys public image, and despite her years of accomplishment in her own right, she still carries the burdens of that failure, wrote The American Prospect. But the most serious scandals surrounding Clinton was her use  of a personal email address and server instead of a more secure government account as secretary of State, and her handling of the attacks in Benghazi.   Related Story: Could Bill Clinton Serve In Hillarys Cabinet? The email controversy, which first surfaced in 2015 after she had left the position, and lingering questions over her preparedness as secretary of State during the Benghazi attacks both plagued her 2016 presidential campaign. Critics alleged Clintons behavior in both cases raised questions about whether she could be trusted if elected to the most powerful position in the free world. In the email scandal, her political foes suggested her use of a private email served opened up classified information to hackers and foreign enemies. There was no evidence it had, however. In the Benghazi attacks, Clinton was accused of doing too little, too late to prevent the deaths of Americans at a U.S. diplomatic compound there, then covering up the administrations bungling of the attacks. Education Clinton attended  public schools in Park Ridge, Illinois. In 1969 she earned a bachelor of arts degree from Wellesley College, where she wrote her  senior thesis on Saul Alinskys activism and writings. She earned a law degree from Yale Law School in 1973. Personal Life Clinton is married to former President Bill Clinton, who served two terms in the White House. He is one of  only two presidents who have been impeached in U.S. history. Clinton was accused of  misleading a grand jury about his extramarital affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky and then persuading others to lie about it. Their permanent address is  Chappaqua, a wealthy suburb of New York.   The couple has one child, Chelsea Victoria. She appeared with Hillary Clinton on the campaign trail in 2016. Hillary Clinton was born Oct. 26, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois. She has two brothers,  Hugh Jr. and Anthony. She has written two books about her life:  Living History  in 2003, and  Hard Choices  in 2014. Net Worth The Clintons are worth  between $11 million and $53 million, according to financial disclosures.   The last time  Clinton filed financial disclosures as a member of the U.S. Senate, in 2007, she reported a net worth of between $10.4 and $51.2 million, making her the  12th wealthiest member of the U.S. Senate at the time, according to the Washington, D.C.-based watchdog group Center for Responsive Politics. She and her husband have earned at least $100 million since leaving the White House in 2001, according to published reports. Much of that money comes from speaking fees.  Hillary Clinton is said to have been paid $200,000 for each speech shes given since leaving the Obama administration. ___ Sources for this bio include: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Living History, [New York: Simon Schuster, 2003],  Center for Responsive Politics.

The Trial of John Peter Zenger and Jury Nullification Essay

The Trial of John Peter Zenger and Jury Nullification - Essay Example This paper shall look into the Zenger trial and its legacy of jury nullification and freedom of speech and of the press. The Antecedent Facts Although the case banners Zenger’s name, he is in fact a mere collateral personality in this entire hullabaloo. His participation is actually limited to being the printer of The New York Weekly Journal, no more, no less. The case traces its history way back to the arrival of Governor William Cosby into the shores of America. When Cosby arrived in August 1731, New York was under the capable hands of Rip Van Dam as Acting Governor. Van Dam, a member of the Provincial Council of New York was appointed as acting governor while Cosby made the months-long journey from Britain to America. However, upon his arrival, Cosby demanded that Van Dam turn over half of the salary he had received as Acting Governor. When the latter declined, Cosby sued Van Dam in a court which he created solely for that purpose. (The Trial) To ensure a favorable decision , Cosby bypassed the jury from his case and instead appointed the Supreme Court of New York to hear and decide the collection suit at first instance. Van Dam challenged the legality and constitutionality of this act but he lost on a vote of two to one. Two Supreme Court justices voted in favor of the constitutionality of Cosby’s act while the lone dissenter was Justice Lewis Morris. Later, Cosby demanded Morris to explain why he voted against him. Morris filed his explanation via an open letter which was published by Zenger. As a result, Morris was fired and replaced by James Delancey. (The Trial) After he was fired, Morris founded the Popular Party together with Van Dam and lawyer James Alexander, under which Morris ran as candidate for Assemblyman. His victory was reported in great detail in the maiden issue of the New York Weekly Journal published on November 5, 1733 which was owned by the partnership of Zenger and Alexander. For months, The New York Weekly Journal publish ed attacks and criticisms against the unpopular incumbent governor. Alexander writes the articles and Zenger prints them. (The Trial) When these attacks came out, Cosby tried but failed to get an indictment from the Grand Jury on the ground that the author of the said attacks is unknown. In response, an outraged Cosby issued an order dated October 22, 1734 mandating that issue numbers 7, 47, 48 and 49 of The New York Weekly Journal â€Å"be burned by the hands of the common hangman or whipper†¦ as containing in them many things tending to sedition and faction, to bring His Majesty’s government into contempt.† (Order for the Public Burning of Zenger's Journals) At about the same time, Cosby also offered a reward of fifty pounds to whoever shall have information on the identity of the libelous publication’s authors. However, when there were no takers for his considerable offer, Attorney General Richard Bradley was ordered to file the information for seditious libel against Zenger, the only identifiable person behind the publications. After which, a bench warrant dated November 2, 1734 was issued for the arrest of Zenger. Among others, the warrant states that Zenger is facing charges for â€Å"printing and publishing several seditious libels dispersed throughout his journals or