The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 12 Free Essays

string(35) foot in the stirrup, and mounted. Section Two Section 12 TEKA BROUGHT HER THE MESSAGE from Tor three days after the fact. He had attempted to see her multiple times, yet she had would not converse with him, and Teka couldn't influence her; and from the sparkle in her eye Teka didn't set out propose to Tor that he just report himself. His note read: â€Å"We brave tomorrow at sunrise. We will compose a custom paper test on The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 12 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Will you see us off?† She needed to consume the note, or destroy it, or eat it, or burst into tears. She went through the late evening sitting in her window niche, enveloped by a hide mat; she rested once in a while, however generally she watched the stars moving over the sky. She would not like to remain vulnerable dark sunrise and watch the military ride away, yet she would do it, for she realized it had harmed her dad to deny her what she asked †in light of the fact that she was excessively youthful; excessively unpracticed; on the grounds that he was unable to manage the cost of even the littlest vulnerability in his company’s confidence when they went to confront Nyrlol, and on the grounds that her quality would cause that vulnerability. Since she was the little girl of a lady who originated from the North, they could in any event part with adoration. It resembled Tor to make the motion; her dad, for all his generosity, was too glad †or an excessive amount of a ruler; and she was exc essively pleased, or excessively unpleasant, or excessively youthful. Thus she stood overwhelming peered toward in the manor patio as the rangers officials and retainers mounted their ponies and anticipated the ruler and the first sola. The military held up in the wide getting slashed out of the timberland past the entryways of the City; Aerin envisioned that she could hear the stamp of feet, the jingle of bits, see the long shadows of the trees lying over the horses’ flanks and the men’s faces. Hornmar developed round the approaching heft of the mansion, driving Kethtaz, who pussyfooted carefully, ears hard forward and tail high. Hornmar saw her and silently brought Kethtaz to her, and gave his harness into her hand. The first sola’s equerry stood by indifferently, holding Dgeth. Hornmar dismissed to mount his own pony, for he was riding with the military; however in the mean time he was giving the king’s girl the respect of holding the king’s stirrup. This was not a little thing: holding the king’s stirrup presented karma upon the holder, and regularly in times past the sovereign had requested the respect herself. In any case, regularly too the lord requested one who was viewed as fortunate †a successful general, or a first child, or even a first sola †to hold his stirrup for him, particularly when the ruler rode to war, or to a dubious strategic crusade that may unexpectedly go to war. Nobody said anything, however Aerin could feel a psychological chill go over the patio as a portion of the mounted men thought about whether the witchwoman’s little girl started their crucial a terrible sign, and she thought about whether Hornmar had helped her out. In the event that the military braved anticipating the most exceedingly awful, they were probably going to discover it. Aerin held Kethtaz’s reins dismally, yet Kethtaz didn't care for dismalness, and goaded her with his nose till she grinned automatically and petted him. She looked into when she heard the king’s strides, and when she met her father’s eyes she was happy she had respected Tor’s demand. Arlbeth kissed her temple, and measured her jawline in his grasp, and took a gander at her for a long second; at that point he went to Kethtaz, and Aerin got a handle on the stirrup and turned it for Arlbeth’s foot. At that point there was a little disturbance at the patio door, and a man on a drained pony ventured onto the smooth stone. The pony quit, influencing on wide-dispersed legs, for it was too exhausted to even consider walking trustingly on the smooth surface; and the man got off and dropped the reins, and rushed to where the ruler stood. Arlbeth turned, his hand still on Aerin’s shoulder, as the man came up to them. â€Å"Majesty,† he said. Arlbeth slanted his head as though he were in his extraordinary lobby and this man just the first of a long morning’s petitioners. â€Å"Majesty,† the man said once more, as though he was unable to recollect his message, or challenged not give it. The man’s look flicked to Aerin’s face as she stood, her hand despite everything holding the stirrup for mounting, and she was alarmed to see the glimmer of expectation in the man’s eyes as he took a gander at her. â€Å"The Black Dragon has come,† he said finally. â€Å"Maur, who has not been seen for ages, the remainder of the extraordinary monsters, incredible as a mountain. Maur has awakened.† Sweat ran down the man’s face, and his pony gave a heaving shivering breath that implied its breeze was broken, so hard had it been ridden. â€Å"I implore you for †¦ help. My town even now might be no more. Different towns will soon follow.† The man’s voice rose in alarm. â€Å"In a year †in a season Damar may all be dark with the dragon’s breath.† â€Å"This is underhandedness from over the Border,† Tor stated, and Arlbeth gestured. There was quiet for a long, miserable, horrid second, and when Arlbeth talked once more, his voice was overwhelming. â€Å"As Tor says, the Black Dragon’s arousing is evil sent us, and sent us critically at simply this second when we dare not notice it.† The messenger’s shoulders drooped, and he put his hands over his face. Arlbeth went on, so unobtrusively that none however Aerin and Tor and the man may hear. â€Å"We go now to meet a difficulty that might be much deadlier than mythical beasts, for it is human and Damarian and prodded by fiendishness. Damar may yet confront the mythical serpent; a Damar broken to pieces would be not all that much, however the monster lay dead.† He went to Kethtaz once more, set his foot in the stirrup, and mounted. You read The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 12 in classification Exposition models Aerin ventured back as Kethtaz danced, for he didn't think about winged serpents and much for bearing the ruler at the leader of a parade. â€Å"We will return when we may, and go to meet your Black Dragon. Rest, and take a new pony, and return to your town. Every one of the individuals who wish it might go to our City and anticipate us in its shelter.† He raised his arm, and his organization stirred like leaves, holding up the request to walk; and one of the sofor drove the messenger’s wind-broken pony aside, and the king’s parade passed the yard entryway, and went down the king’s path and past the City dividers to where the military anticipated them. Aerin had intended to move to the highest point of the château and watch the sparkle of their going till it vanished into the trees past the City; however rather she paused, remaining next to the errand person, whose hands were still over his face. At the point when the last solid of the king’s company’s going blurred he dropped his hands, as though till then he had been seeking after some respite; and he moaned. â€Å"Almost I missed them entirely,† he mumbled, gazing into the vacant air. â€Å"And it was for no reason. Better I had missed them, and not utilized my poor Lmoth so ill,† and his eyes went to the pony he had ridden. â€Å"Lmoth will be thought about well in our stables,† said Aerin, â€Å"and I will take you currently to discover food and a bed for yourself.† The man’s eyes turned gradually toward her, and again she saw the diminish flash of expectation. â€Å"I must return when I may, at any rate with the message of the king’s foundation for those of my people left destitute or fearful.† Aerin stated, â€Å"Food first. It’s a long tired way you have come.† . He gestured, yet his eyes didn't leave her face. Aerin said delicately: â€Å"I will accompany you when you ride home; however you realize that as of now, don’t you?† The confident glimmer was presently reflected in a grin, however a grin so black out that she would not have seen it at all in the event that she had not, in her turn, sought after it. â€Å"Thank you, Aerin-sol, Dragon-Killer,† he said. They braved together that evening. Talat was new, and slanted to ricochet; he didn't regard the mythical beast lances connected to his seat since he accepted he knew all that he had to think about winged serpents. It was a quiet excursion. They went as fast as they challenged push the ponies †somewhat less rapidly than the delivery person preferred, however Aerin knew she and Talat had a monster before them, and Talat was old; and on the off chance that he didn't wish to recall it, at that point it was even more significant that Aerin recollect it for him. Their course was practically due north, however the mountains were steepest toward that path, so they made a special effort to take the simpler way, and moved the swifter for it. At day break on the third day a dark cloud hung before them, close to the skyline that the mountains made, despite the fact that the sky overhead was clear; and by evening they were breathing air that had a bitter edge to it. The messenger’s head had sunk between his shoulders, and he didn't raise his eyes from the way after they originally observed the dark cloud. Talat picked his route cautiously in the different horse’s wake. He was preferable mannered now over he had been the point at which he was youthful and the king’s war-horse; at that point following some other pony would have made him fret and mope. Aerin left it to him, for she took a gander at the cloud. At the point when the dispatcher killed to one side, while the cloud despite everything hung before them, she stated, â€Å"Wait.† The man stopped and thought back. His demeanor was shocked, as though hearing the word â€Å"Wait† had gotten back to him a significant distance. â€Å"The winged serpent lies ahead; it is his mark we find in the sky. I go that way.† The man opened his mouth, and the shocked articulation cleared a bit; yet he shut his mouth again without saying anything. â€Å"Go to your kin and give them the king’s message,† Aerin said delicately. â€Å"I will come to y

The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World

The Catholic and Protestant houses of worship put forth numerous attempts so as to spread their convictions in the New World and to change over the Native Americans. The best were the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Spanish changed over a great many Indians in South and Central America: Mexico, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, while the French settled in New France that included current Canadian and US region: Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Main, New York, Louisiana and Illinois. Verifiably, the two requests had a similar strict interests; anyway the techniques utilized by them were extraordinary. The Franciscans changed over a greater number of individuals than Jesuits because of the utilization of their strategies for mass impulse with the assistance of intensity and weapons. After Columbus disclosure, Queen Isabella and Pope Alexander VI asserted the significance of changing over the Native Americans to Christianity. Franciscans showed up to the New Spain in 1524 and got the achievement, spreading their religion. Notwithstanding, in spite of the fact that they changed over a large number of individuals, notice that the confidence of the number of inhabitants in New World was frail and, also, they made another religion consolidating the nearby convictions with components of Christianity (Hannon, 2010). Authorized by Queen and Pope, the Spanish Franciscans utilized every single imaginable technique, including the utilization of intensity, weapons, and executions. As per the article Native American Voices, in Mexico, the Central and South America, the Spanish Franciscans utilized Native Americans as a free work material (â€Å"Native American Voices†). Clearly, such estimates prompted the dread and accommoda tion of Indians. The French Jesuits, known as the Soldiers of Christ, showed up to the New World one century after Spanish, in 1625. They utilized techniques for influence and arrangement rather than power. Along these lines, albeit various changed over by Jesuits Indians was not tremendous, yet their confidence was genuine and profound. Indians were shocked by the capacity of the French to peruse and compose and bit by bit embraced the new culture. Simultaneously, the Spanish tormented Indians and devastated their social articles, oppressing those individuals who would not like to receive the new conventions. The French attempted to discover the similitudes between the Christian and Indian customs, for example, the wear of dark robes during the ceremony.Advertising Looking for paper on religion philosophy? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For the two requests, instruction of the Native Americans was a significant issue that co uld help spreading Christianity. Jesuits and Franciscans showed Indians sciences, culture and ethic. Be that as it may, the Native Americans, and particularly the number of inhabitants in the Central and South America, had a long history and unique and remarkable culture and customs. Along these lines, the method of blend of the European and Indian customs picked by the French Jesuits was considerably more suitable and sufficient. The result of crafted by French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans was extraordinary. The Spanish needed to change over as additional as potential Indians regardless of the genuine nature of their confidence. For the Native Americans, Christianity had not been seen as an enticing religion because of the power and torments. The French evangelists didn't utilize force and weapons, attempting to persuade Indians. For Jesuits, the primary thought of Christianity as the quiet religion was significant force and contention into the way toward changing over. Jesu its utilized every conceivable strategy so as to incorporate Christianity, not to isolate it and supplant the customary convictions. In this way, their work was increasingly powerful. Works Cited Hannon, Sharon M. â€Å"Birth of a New World Religion.† When Words Collide: The Untold Story of the Americas after Columbus. 2010. Web. http://www.pbs.org/program/when-universes impact/Native American Voices n.d. Web. This exposition on The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World was composed and presented by client Rylie Barlow to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

See The Attach Example

See The Attach Example See The Attach â€" Essay Example > Introduction The Global socio-political matters never cease to mesmerize any interested character, since the times of civilization arrived to the epoch of colonization up to the time of independence. The cold war era then followed whereby the Soviets were gradually but firmly outmaneuvered by the more resourceful capitalist of the time. The aftermath of the cold war epoch resulted to the growing influence of what some individuals of our generation refer to as quasi- governments (for example the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)). The World Bank and the IMF subsequently took the responsibility of the global economic police information especially the poorer states how they are suppose to spend their funds. So as to get more monetary assistance, these Bretton Woods institutions ordered that nations open up their markets for liberalization within the “Structural Adjustment Programs” that motivated state governments to finance privatization initiatives, ahead of public and welfare services (Hagwati 2009). Parallel to this was the impact of multinational organizations such as the United Nations (UN) also majorly structuring the global issues. Towards the new millennium matters took a divergent route. Out of nowhere, we were being feed with the rhetoric known as globalization, which is an umbrella idiom for sophisticated series of social, political, economic and technological transformations viewed as enhancing interaction and interdependence between companies and people in unfortunate locations. Within the fields of political economy and economics it generally implies to the growing integrations of economies all over the world, and more specifically in terms of financial flows and trade. The term in certain cases also refers to the movement of knowledge (technology) and people (labor) across the globe. Within its most basic principles, nothing is mysterious concerning globalization. But at the moment certain individuals are arguing that gl obalization has majorly advantaged the already well-established world economies and has offered them leverage not just to trade with the entire world but also affect their general politics and lifestyles (Weatherford 2010). Some have said that USA is deploying globalization as a mechanism of “corporate imperialism”, the one which crushes the human rights of the growing communities and purports to bring forth prosperity, yet frequently simply results to profiteering and plundering. The other depressing impact of globalization has been the cultural imperialism through cultural assimilation. This may be further illustrated by a scenario of exportation of the artificial needs or wants and the inhibition or destruction of indigenous local cultures. This then, lands me on the essence of my submission. When viewed critically, globalization is gradually moving toward Americanization. For the purposes of clarity, at the start of 1900, the term referred to captivating new immigrants and transforming then to Americans… regardless whether they wanted to maintain their customary ways or not. This system often entailed adjusting to American customs, dress and culture and learning English (Hopskins 2009). Critics affirm their concerns that globalization is nothing short of imposition of the cultures of the Americans on the whole world. To be precise, the most evident symbol of globalization appears to be the spread of cola (Coca Cola products and Pepsi) and hamburgers to almost every nation on earth.

Aristotle and the Book of Nicomanchean Ethics - 2051 Words

Aristotle and the Book of Nicomanchean Ethics In Book I of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle states that the ultimate human goal or end is happiness. Aristotle then describes steps required for humans to obtain the ultimate happiness. He also states that activity is an important requirement of happiness. A virtuous person takes pleasure in doing virtuous things. He then goes on to say that living a life of virtue is something pleasurable in itself. The role of virtue to Aristotle is an important one, with out it, it seems humans cannot obtain happiness. Virtue is the connection one has to happiness and how they should obtain it. My goal in this paper is to connect Aristotle’s book of Nicomachean Ethics to my own reasoning of self-ethics. I†¦show more content†¦Aristotle believes happiness is the purpose of life because, a human, when giving reasons and opinions to why they make the decisions between numerous choices, people will conclude to the same ideas, which is whatever choice allows that person to achieve the mo st happiness. Aristotle rightfully concludes that, the support of our decision making is that people will base their moral decisions off the amount of happiness they receive compared to the trouble of performing the action. The center of our decision-making must be a state of character within us, in this case, that weights our delights against our burdens. Aristotle also states finding balance is key, but hard to obtain. Anyone can become angered, gives or spends money, with the right motives, at the right time, the right person, but it is not for everyone, and he says it is not easy. He says goodness is altruistically hard to find. Thus, according to Aristotle, â€Å"It is difficult to live the virtuous life primarily because it is often difficult to find the proper mean between the extremes.† Voluntary and Involuntary actions. As I reference Book III of Nichomachean Ethics, the terms ‘voluntary’ and ‘involuntary’ are used with the indication to the moment of action. So, a voluntary action is one about which we have power. Such as, what to eat throughout the day and night, taking a shower or brushing our teeth or even life altering decisionsShow MoreRelated Aristotle and the Book of Nicomanchean Ethics Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle and the Book of Nicomanchean Ethics In Book I of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle states that the ultimate human goal or end is happiness. Aristotle describes the steps required for humans to obtain happiness. Aristotle states that activity is an important requirement of happiness. He states that a happy person cannot be inactive. He then goes on to say that living a life of virtue is something pleasurable in itself. The virtuous person takes pleasure in doing virtuous things. The roleRead MoreAristotle And Marcus Tullius Cicero s Influence On Classical Jurisprudence2574 Words   |  11 PagesMatthew Martinez Professor Kevin Govern Classical Jurisprudence 22 March 2015 Aristotle and Marcus Tullius Cicero’s Influence on Classical Jurisprudence Aristotle was a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, having made contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance, and theater . Marcus Tullius Cicero, prominent Roman statesmen and consul, preeminent orator, lawyer, and master of Latin prose, significant moral and political

Biography of Nicolaus Otto and the Modern Engine

One of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas motor engine—the first practical alternative to the steam engine. Otto built the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine called the Otto Cycle Engine, and when he completed his engine, he built it into a  motorcycle. Born: June 14, 1832Died: January 26, 1891 Ottos Early Days Nicolaus Otto  was born the youngest of six children in Holzhausen, Germany. His father died in 1832 and he began school in 1838. After six years of good performance, he moved to the high school in  Langenschwalbach  until 1848. He did not complete his studies but was cited for good performance. Ottos main interest in school had been in science and technology but, nevertheless, he graduated after three years as a business apprentice in a small merchandise company. After completing his apprenticeship he moved to Frankfurt where he worked for Philipp Jakob Lindheimer as a salesman, selling tea,  coffee, and sugar.  He soon developed an interest in the new technologies of the day and began experimenting with building four-stroke engines (inspired by Lenoirs two-stroke gas-driven internal combustion engine). In late autumn of 1860, Otto and his brother learned of a novel gas engine that  Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir  had built in Paris.  The brothers built a copy of the Lenoir engine and applied for a patent in January 1861 for a  liquid-fueled  engine based on the Lenoir (Gas) engine with the Prussian Ministry of Commerce but it was rejected. The engine ran just a few minutes before breaking. Ottos brother gave up on the concept resulting in Otto looking for help elsewhere. After meeting Eugen Langen, a technician, and owner of a sugar factory, Otto quit his job, and in 1864, the duo started the worlds first engine manufacturing company N.A. Otto Cie (now DEUTZ AG, Kà ¶ln). In 1867, the pair were awarded a Gold Medal at the Paris World Exhibition for their atmospheric gas engine built a year earlier. Four-Stroke Engine In May 1876,  Nicolaus  Otto built the first practical four-stroke piston cycle internal combustion engine. He continued to develop his four-stroke engine after 1876 and he considered his work finished after his invention of the first magneto ignition system for low voltage ignition in 1884. Ottos patent was overturned in 1886 in favor of the patent granted to  Alphonse  Beau de Roaches for his four-stroke engine. However, Otto built a working engine while Roaches design stayed on paper. On October 23, 1877, another patent for a gas motor engine was issued to Nicolaus Otto, and Francis and William Crossley. In all, Otto built the following engines: 1861 A copy of Lenoirs atmospheric engine1862 A four-cycle compressed charge engine (prior to Rochass patent) which failed as it broke almost immediately1864 The first successful atmospheric engine1876 The four-stroke compressed charge engine which is acknowledged as the Otto cycle engine. The term Otto cycle is applied to all compressed charge, four cycle engines.

Marijuana Research Paper Free Essays

Legalization of marijuana for medical purposes has been proposed to help those who have severe illnesses or pain. While I myself am not a user of marijuana, I have seen the effects first hand of what it does to people. I do have an uncle who is fighting an extremely painful and evasive cancer so I know what it is like to have a relative in pain or suffering from a severe illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people argue that medical marijuana will be beneficial to such people, but this is not the case.Rather, corruption, legal conflicts, and potential abuse along with alternatives provided by continuing research lead the to the conclusion that marijuana should not be allowed as a treatment in the United States because of issues that have arisen with marijuana, as well as the dangers and risks associated with it. To fully understand the medical marijuana controversy, some basic information about it and why people are favoring it as a medical solution are needed. The whole issue began in 1996 when California voters passed Proposition 215.This allowed for the sale and medical use of marijuana for patients with severe illness or pain The main support for using marijuana for medical reasons would be to treat pain in patients with severe illness or those who are terminally ill. A few such illnesses would include AIDS/(HIV), arthritis, cancer, epilepsy, hepatitis C, multiple sclerosis, ( Medical). Even though the intentions of using the drug as a medical option are good, the problems make the option it more harmful than beneficial. The biggest problem facing the legalization of marijuana is that the Cannabis Clinics, which are the Marijuana Distribution Centers, are targets of corruption. In a January 17, 2007 DEA press release, the U. S Drug Enforcement Administration spoke out about the centers when DEA Acting agent in charge said, â€Å"Today’s enforcement operations show that these establishments are nothing more than drug trafficking organizations bringing criminal activities to our neighborhoods and drugs near the children and schools†(qtd. In Medical 2009).Another official, Tom Bearden from Colorado stated on PBS: The new industry is medical marijuana, specifically, the commercial dispensaries that have opened in neighborhoods all over the state. At last count, Denver alone had over 300 clinics. More than the number of Starbucks is the oft-quoted statistic. Some residents are concerned the shops could lead to increased crime and encourage loitering near their homes. The dispensary industry has blossomed virtually overnight, with few regulations or rules, and left politicians at the state and local level scrambling to catch up(qtd in Marijuana).With dispensaries popping up on all the street corners people will start questioning the legitimate motive behind these explosive uprisings, the last thing the government needs or wants is to create an uproar of distrust and fear of safety throughout the general public. From this we can see the very negative effects the medical marijuana dispensaries would have on the surrounding communities. Another problem is that doctors are put in a tight position in regard to recommending medical marijuana.The Office of National Drug Control and Policy made a statement in 1996 policy titled â€Å"The Administration’s Response to the Passage of California Proposition 215†. Which stated, â€Å"A practitioner’s action of recommending or prescribing Schedule 1 controlled substances is not consistent with the ‘public interests’(as that phrase is used in the Controlled Substances Act) and will lead to administrative action by the Drug Enforcement Administration to revoke the practitioner’s registration’(qtd. in Medical).Even though California passed proposition 215 to legalize the use of medical marijuana, the Office of National Drug Control still does not agree with this decision, this creates an issue because doctors are then put into the position of advocating for the patient and following the Drug Administration’s rules without causing conflict. Denver City councilman Charlie Brown, stated â€Å"that it is like picking your teeth with a rattle snake. If you have ever tried it you know it is extremely hard to do† (Marijuana).Not only does the medical marijuana option have these legal conflicts, but it also has dangers and risks. The biggest danger is the fact that the results of marijuana use are worse than the supposed â€Å"cure† that it is supposed to be, because it has many harmful chemicals in it. According to the U. S DEA, smoked marijuana contains more than four-hundred different kinds of chemicals, including most of the hazardous chemicals found in tobacco smoke. One example is that there is four times the amount of tar in a marijuana cigarette than in a normal tobacco cigarette (Medical 2009). As you can clearly see, these can reate even more health problems, such as cancer, and research has shown that the amount of tar in a normal cigarette causes a person to lose 11 minutes of their life, that is 44 minutes every time someone wants to smoke weed (Marijuana: Facts). On average a smoker that has started smoking when they turn 18 lose around 14 years of their lives due to complications from smoking. Another negative association marijuana is that marijuana can be addictive, even though very few people can become addicted to marijuana the few that do can suffer extreme consequences, â€Å"some frequent, heavy marijuana users develop â€Å"tolerance† to its effects.This means they need l arger and larger amounts of marijuana to get the same desired effects as they used to get from smaller amounts† (Marijuana: Facts). This can cause an even worse outcome, which is a yearning for harder drugs. In 1999, the Institute of Medicine published a report stating, â€Å"In summary, although few marijuana users develop dependency, some do† (Medical). Even though they say only some people become addicted, that is still too high a risk. Because of all the problems and dangers associated with marijuana, there are more beneficial ways to help citizens with a severe illness.The better alternative to the medical marijuana controversy is to continue research in finding other methods to help people with illnesses. Researching other methods have been beneficial in the past few years. Since 1990, Scientists have discovered and created over 300 completely medicines, vaccines, and biologics approved by the FDA to treat over one hundred and fifty conditions (Saving). All of these were created with safety in mind, which is more than I can say for medical marijuana. This shows a greater impact on the U. S through research than if we started to allow medical marijuana.Also, many new innovative medicines make it possible to prevent or slow the progress of many diseases to avoid costly hospitalization and invasive surgery. Between 1980 and 2000, the number of hospital days fell by 56%. As a result, Americans avoided 206 million days of hospital care in 2000 alone because of our investment in health care (Saving). But even though reports of medical discoveries are in the news nearly every day, new cures, treatments, prevention approaches and diagnostics are actually the products of a long and arduous process† (Fulfilling the Promise).Cynthia Kenyon a Ph. D stated: Americans have benefited from tremendous progress in medical research over the past 60 years. Today, people are living longer and healthier lives thanks in significant part to NIH funded research conducted by physicians and scientists at the nation’s medical schools and teaching hospitals. Scientists’ knowledge of disease is growing rapidly and today they are tackling diseases more complex than ever before such as like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia ( qtd in Saving). I have personally witnessed the positive effects of such research.When my Uncle was in the middle of his battle with cancer, he underwent many extensive treatments. He made significant progress through many months while undergoing chemo and taking various medications. Thanks to the medical research done by scientists, my Uncle is still alive to this day, years after the doctors said he should have lost his life by. If my Uncle had chosen to do nothing but sit back and smoke weed, he would not only still have the cancer but he could have developed even more health problems and needed invasive surgery, and probably would not be here today.The medical marijuana controversy will continue to be an issue for many years to come, and like any other controversy, people on either side of the argument will not want to change their views easily. However, as I have shown it is imperative that our country does not pass any legislation to legalize medical marijuana. Marijuana is illegal for a reason and allowing it to be used to relive pain in those with severe illnesses will, in the long run, have a negative effect.Medical research has greatly benefited lives and is a much better alternative solution than marijuana.Works Cited â€Å"Fulfilling the Promise. Medical Research. † AARC. 2009. Web, 8 April 2010. â€Å"Marijuana: Facts for Teens†. NIDA. gov. 2009. Web 4 April 2010. â€Å" Marijuana. Marijuana timeline in the United States. † PBS Online. 2009. Web. 22 March 2010. â€Å"Medical marijuana†. ProCon. org. 2009. Web. 24 March 2010. â€Å"Saving and improving lives. New medicines transforming patient care. † PHRMA. 2009. Web 1 April 2010. How to cite Marijuana Research Paper, Essays

International Management Ethics and Values

Question: Discuss the different emerging ethical issues of organization. Answer: In the competitive business environment, several companies engaged in different business operations. Different business has different requirements and may be survived with various operational problems. This assignment is all about discussing different emerging ethical issues of organization. With all the explanation, I will bring my thoughts or understanding regarding that topic or chosen journals. Here all the selected ethical issues have been raised different ethical backgrounds which need specific ethical consideration. Ethical issues includes unethical business practices by Coles, illegal corporate hospitality program of BHP Billiton, an accounting scam related issues and ethical consequences related to employee retention policies of Wesfarmers. Tom maintain all this issues the company should maintain core values of each business such as business code of conduct, transparency, communication, accounting disclosures and others. Private label groceries of Coles increase concern for smaller producers of Australia and raised ethical issues: The current trade of private labeling groceries produced by many Australian companies is a cause of concern for smaller producers and domestic food networks in Australia (Schlegelmilch 2016). Coles is one of the dominating retail grocery chain brands in the nation. Despite the company has successfully managed the profitability, the company engaged in the production of private label goods which are usually cheaper than the available branded product in the market. This strategy has made the company more profitable. The companies like Coles have recently practiced this strategy for increasing recognition for example, own brand label milk recently represents seventy one percent of the market. However, the company did not even realize that it hurts ethically smaller producers because brand companies even captured the smaller market. According to Keith (2012), this is an unethical practice where the private level products increases the market power of the chain, despite that of the produce rs who makes those generic items, and in this process Coles is not disclosing their brand name in the market. Coles did not disclosed the development of regional and producer identity even from employees like us in the year of 2011 when this factor generated significant media attention for the case of milk wars. In the year of 2010, the Senate Economics References Committee produced 92-page report titled Milking is for all its worth- competition and pricing in the Australian dairy industry. The main purpose of that report was to outline concerns over competition and pricing in the market of Australia. These tensions intensified when our company cut the price of milk, the private level product, to $1 per litre for all of a sudden. The number of Sixty million dollar refers to an insider estimate of the cost of this price reduction; however, Coles confirmed and denied that the product is loss-leading which is completely wrong facts shared to the market and even to us. The company was a nswerable to The Australian Dairy Farmers Association due to sudden price-cut. They have complained that Coles did not even discuss with the milk suppliers or even the subsidiaries of the company. Thus the company faced many unethical consequences due to this move. Till the recent times, there are hundred and sixty submissions have been made regarding the enquiry from the farmers of dairy and regional co-operatives, manufacturer of foods and related industry. Subordinate prices cited a major factor for the shift of the private product preferences over branded product in the market. According to Keith (2012), this tendering process has been overtly linked with crippling the dairy industry of Australia which favoring the interest of customers and shareholders at the expense of farmers and dairy industry. Therefore, the private grocery production can be a treated as unethical because it provides a stiff competition to the small grocery retailers across Australia. According to me, the p rivate grocery selling of Coles has been a monopolistic business process in terms of the milk supply. By this approach the company may remove the existence of the small retailers from the dairy industry in the nation. Furthermore, these may definitely impacts largely on the dairy processors and farmers because they definitely lose the per unit revenue of milk products due to this private selling option followed by the bigger retailer brands like Coles and Woolworths and many more (Bilinelli 2016). According to me, an ethical issues raised by the private selling, can be removed if the company reduce the aggressive pricing strategy and market control. This move can establish better relationship with the companys suppliers like Jersey Fresh from Barossa Valley in south side of Australia. By this, the company can increase their profitability under the ethical consideration and accountability. This has also been understood by that here the company needs to think about corporate social re sponsibility to do the business successfully. BHP Billiton fine a warning on corporate hospitality: issues regarding corruption allegation BHP Billiton was responsible for official sponsorship of 2008 Beijing Olympic. The US Securities and Exchange Commission slapped Australian mining company with a $25 million fine for companys unethical hospitality program (Adhariani, Sciulli and Clift 2014). Anti-corruption watchdog Transparency International said that some of the officials mainly from the countries like Asia and Australia who were treated to tickets, luxury hotels and other facilities were close to the shady regimes and made negotiation with the BHP Billiton. However, despite this unethical hospitality program, the company failed to provide sufficient internal control over a global hospitality program that the company hosted in connection with its sponsorship of the Olympic Games. These issues later intensified when this has been found that 176 government officials and employees of state-owned corporations attended the Olympics at the companys expense (Dodds 2015). The SEC suggested that the company failed to provi de employees with particular training on how to evaluate the risk of corruption of an invitation or to provide specified guideline to accomplish a hospitality application form for foreign officials invited to the Olympics. This has been notified by the director of the Transparency International that the company has followed an unethical, unsystematic process for preparation, review and approval of the requests and thus the company was caused for violation of the provisions of the internal controls of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. However, the official authority of the company neither admitted nor declined those unethical audit practices because the company has made an independent compliance group. In this context the shares of the company are traded on the NSX had not found anything relating to the practice of corrupt or bribery intent (Richards 2013). The company further clarified that the company had already taken the remedial action and developed a global compliance pro gram (Ingerman et al. 2015). According to me, as it is being recognized by the government official that inviting government officials to the Olympic at the companys expense to make the stakeholders relationship more stronger cam definitely considered a substandard oversight requirements. In that context, the SEC clarified that BHP Billiton repeatedly extended those invitations to the foreign government officials for establishing the pending contract negotiations or dealings with regulation such as the efforts of the company to obtain access right. As per the final decision made by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, BHP Billiton was accused for violating anti-bribery and corruption laws. By this case study, I firmly believe that the company should not participate in such kind of hospitality program which was completely designed by the internal management of the company. As per my interpretation, being the official sponsor of Beijing Olympic 2008, it was completely unethical t o give extra privilege for the certain foreign government official, which was against the Olympics terms and conditions. Satyam scam: biggest international accounting fraud and unethical business practices Satyam scam was all about the fraudulent auditing practices and corporate governance allegedly in participation with chartered accountants and auditors (DeZoort and Harrison 2016). The company has misrepresented its accounts both to its stock exchanges, board, regulators, investors and all other stakeholders. This Indian company was established in1987 and gradually the company was placed as the 4th fastest growing IT Company in India. As per the background suggests the company was acquired 9 percent market share at the time the scam happened. Apart from the Indian stock exchange the company is the first Indian company to be listed in three international exchanges: Dow, NYSE, and EURONEXT. The chairman of the company, Ramalinga Raju, being the founder of this software development company was found guilty as disclosed Rs 7000 crore accounting fraud in the balance sheets (Bhasin 2016). By the tampering the accounts of the company, the balance sheet was falsely boosted revenue by $1.5 bi llion in the market. This was the biggest accounting fraud in the international circuit. Furthermore, the company falsified their revenues, margin and cash balances which was near about 50 billion rupees (Alexander 2016). Since 1999, the company involved in the unethical practices when land purchased by Raju by the fund which were earned from Satyam. Moreover, the company financed their purchases through pledging and selling all of his shares included shares of their family members. It was completely unethical issue as per the laws of land which did not permit the natives to acquire more than 54 acres of land. Additionally the company began purchasing land through his privately held companies. When it was proven unethical, the company has managed to set up 325 companies owned by his immediate denizen. Due to having no rental income, the company was majorly bought lands which are agriculture-driven. This company involved in such unethical practices intentionally however, in 2008, Raj u was forced to commit this fraud in front of their board members due recessionary pressure happened in the year of 2008. All options were being closed by his side and this mammoth accounting fraud was confessed such financial irregularities. During the year, Satyam announces a board meeting to consider buy back to keep investors trust in order to buy stake in Maytas infrastructure. However, all the unpaid files has gone against the company and promoters were claimed INR 55 Billion. All these accounting issues made promoters guilty although it is almost impossible to misrepresent such accounting and financial irregularities which the connivance of the auditors and several executive board members (Pandey, Rishi and Aadil 2016). This case even suggests that independent directors were kept in the dark by not disclosing the actual book of accounts. According to me, this was completely unethical corporate governance of the company, practiced by the members of the organizations and the ex ternal bodies like chartered accountant and auditors. The company, Price Water Cooper was involved as the external third party auditors of Satyam. This audit company was found guilty due to gross negligence and possible involvement in that fraud. Additionally the license of the auditing of two auditors was cancelled by the Institute of Chartered Accountants (ICAI) and imposed a maximum fine of RS 500000 on each auditor. Furthermore, PwC was penalized for this large audit fraud. As per my point of view the stakeholders have immense trust and faith in the statutory auditors and hence given that amount of respect. However, the confidence of such users was shaken up due to financial irregularities hindered by the auditing process of the company. In case of reporting financial information, the statutory auditors shall maintain the fundamental responsibilities such as sharing all informational details and represent them in true and fair manner. However, both the executives of Satyam Techn ologies and auditors made involves in delivering unethical practices. The company was found guilty in all wrong treatments as far as the managing financial dealings. On the other hand, PwC, as being the statutory auditor, disclosed during the processing of audits over the period of time. This has been further observed by me that nearly 7500 fictitious invoices were discovered as unchecked (Pandey, Rishi and Aadil 2016). Nearly 45000 employees were working at the time of came to light this scam in January 2009. Those were not being even conscious about that large business conspiracy and decisive by the management of the company. By this case study, I understood that the company was involved in all wrong doings because thousands of acre lands were acquired by the company just because of booming the realty market of the company. However, the company would not afford to lose the shareholders confidence and thus all such financial irregularities had been camouflaged by keeping healthy pr ofits in front of them. If the company had maintained records and relevant financial information as per the rules prescribed by the different accounting standards following ethical consideration, then the company would not face this financial debacle. Employee retention raised ethical issues in Wesfarmers Employee retention is all about the ability of an organization to retain its employee (Erickson 2016). However the Wesfarmers, one of the powerful diversified companies in Australia, failed to maintained this retention policy which have raised many ethical issues related to the employees engagement of the company (Lindebaum, Geddes and Gabriel 2016). As per my point of view, if the company has a higher employee retention rate, then such organization bound to bear total cost: of losing an employee such as: Costs involved in hiring a new employee On boarding costs of a new employee Lost productivity Lost engagement Error in customer service Impacts of culture Costs of training There are several complains have been recorded against Wesfarmers because the company does not disclosed several inherent clauses at the time of employment. As per my belief, companies that work to build and maintain ethical workplace culture should accomplish the desire of the motivated and productive employees. Here many of the employees faced problem due to handle ranges of services by a single efforts. Furthermore, the company retention policy not included the training process seriously and even does not updated the training procedures over the times (Ahammad et al. 2016). Due to this, employees of the company do not expose their optimum potentiality during serving for that company. These raised several ethical issues and make the morale of employees down. Last year 41 percent of employees of Wesfarmers noticed that they observed unethical and non-transparent employee practices which made due to getting more tax benefits. There many people felt that the company does not much thin k about maintaining ethical workplace cultures which are definitely one of the prime considerations for diversified companies like Wesfarmers (Erickson 2016). In this company, many cultures are working together, which are coming from different backgrounds and have different thought process, believe, understanding and work priorities. There are many issues raised because the company has not been considered such cultural factors too seriously during the recruitment process and even in the companys employee retention policies. For all these gap of practices, the company has recorded many ethical complaints in order to maintain the employee retention process. In this context, the company needs to take a serious ethical consideration to resolve such issues. To consider cultural backgrounds and maintaining transparency by disclosing all clauses related to the employee retention policies at the time of the recruitment process shall be maintained. Furthermore any sudden changes made by the company related to this matter shall be notified by each employee. By following this process, the company will surely ensure more employee satisfaction. References: Adhariani, D., Sciulli, N. and Clift, R., 2014. An Analysis on Corporate Governance Practices Using the Feminist Ethics of Care Framework: A Study of BHP Billiton. Available at SSRN 2529927. Ahammad, M.F., Tarba, S.Y., Liu, Y. and Glaister, K.W., 2016. Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention. International Business Review, 25(1), pp.66-75. Alexander, J., 2016. Cultivating Character: The Challenge of Business Ethics Education. Managing Responsibly: Alternative Approaches to Corporate Management and Governance, p.191. Bhasin, M., 2016. Survey of Creative Accounting Practices: An Empirical Study. Wulfenia Journal KLAGENFURT, 23(1), pp.143-162. Bilinelli, L., 2016. Valuing the use of Corporate Social Responsibility in Australian food industry. DeZoort, F.T. and Harrison, P.D., 2016. Understanding Auditors Sense of Responsibility for Detecting Fraud Within Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-18. Dodds, M.A., 2015. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Cases Impact Sport Marketing Strategies. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 24(4), p.258. Erickson, R.A., 2016. Communication and Employee Retention. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. Ingerman, B., Hynes, M.D., Benjet, B.H. and Neff, K., 2015. Not just a compliance program, but an effective compliance program: SEC, DOJ issue strong reminders. Journal of Investment Compliance, 16(4), pp.4-5. Keith, S., 2012. Coles, Woolworths and the local. Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies, 2, pp.47-81. Lindebaum, D., Geddes, D. and Gabriel, Y., 2016. Moral emotions and ethics in organisations: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-12. Pandey, S., Rishi, P. and Aadil, A., 2016. promoting ethical behaviour through management of'bad apples': a conceptual analysis. Journal of Organisation Human Behaviour, 5(1). Richards, I., 2013. Beyond city limits: Regional journalism and social capital. Journalism, 14(5), pp.627-642. Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Global Marketing Ethics and CSR. In Global Marketing Strategy (pp. 195-220). Springer International Publishing.

Moral Issues Behind Keeping Promises Essays - Ethics, Law, Promise

Moral Issues Behind Keeping Promises The Moral Issues behind Keeping Promises Almost every relationship between two people involves the making of promises to each other. It involves giving each other words that must be followed given any certain circumstance. Therefore, making a promise implies that one will keep it, as in staying true to one's word. With this, one's future actions must lie on the basis of words spoken prior to the action being taken, and it must not stray from this rule. From this, some philosophically interesting issues arise. Morals come into question quite often when promises are made. For whatever reason one person makes a promise to another and for whatever manner he or she makes that promise, they place themselves in a situation similar to or in complete sympathy with the person to whom the promise has been made. With this situation, it is possible that it may not be in the best interest of the person who has made the promise to keep the promise. If such a situation were to occur, the promise will only hold depending upon certain conditions of the case. Thus, if one breaks a promise, it is not necessarily a reflection of that person's ability to keep his or her word. Rather, it is a reflection of his noted decision to put his or her interests behind those of the one whom the promise is for. Such an issue makes promise keeping philosophically interesting since the idea of ?service before self? would never arise if people never made promises. If such a society were to exist, no moral credit would be giv en for keeping a promise, and no feelings of blame would arise when breaking a promise. Therefore, it would be deemed stupid and dangerous to place oneself in a position of future disadvantage. Philosophy

Using Two Spanish Verbs for Cleaning, Lavar and Limpiar

Using Two Spanish Verbs for Cleaning, Lavar and Limpiar Lavar and limpiar are Spanish verbs meaning to clean, and while theyre sometimes interchangeable, theyre often used in different ways. How To Use Lavar When talking about the body or things associated with the body, particularly clothing, lavar is the verb of choice. One way to remember this is to notice that lavar comes from the same Latin root as does the English word lavatory, sometimes called a washroom. Indeed, one way of thinking about lavar is as a synonym for to wash. La forma en que lavas tu cabello es muy importante para mantenerlo sano. (The way in which you wash your hair is very important for keeping it healthy.)Los profesionales de salud piensan que se lavan las manos mejor y con ms frecuencia de lo que realmente hacen. (Health professionals believe they clean their hands better and more often than they really do.) ¡Odio cuando me lavo la cara y me entra agua por la manga! (I hate it when Im washing my face and water gets up my sleeve!)Si lava las camisas a mano, nunca escobille cuellos y puà ±os. (If you wash shirts by hand, never use a brush on the collars and cuffs.)Los vaqueros debemos lavarlos siempre al revà ©s. (Jeans should always be washed inside-out.)Lava (or limpia) tus dientes despuà ©s de cada comida. (Brush your teeth after each meal.) Because lavar is used when referring to the laundering of clothes, in an adaptation from English similar to a calque, the word also is used to refer to the laundering of money: Se acusa al ex presidente de ser el jefe de una asociacià ³n ilà ­cita que lava dinero. The former president is accused of being the head of an illegal group that launders money. Lavar is often used in situations where water is used in cleaning (although limpiar can sometimes be used too): Hoy a la tarde pensaba lavar el coche. (This afternoon I was thinking about washing my car.)Las verduras eran lavadas y sumergidas en agua muy frà ­a. (The vegetables were washed and placed in very cold water.)No cometas el error de usar jabà ³n de lavar platos. (Dont make the mistake of using dishwashing soap.) Lavar is sometimes used in references to the process of erosion: La erosià ³n lavà ³ la roca sedimentaria, exponiendo el granito. The erosion washed away the sedimentary rock, exposing the granite. Finally, the limpia form of limpiar can be used to form compound words: limpiabarros (boot cleaner), limpiabotas (shoe cleaner), limpiametales (metal polish), limpiamuebles (furniture polish), limpiavidrios (window cleaner). How To Use Limpiar Limpiar, which is derived from the adjective for clean, limpio, can be used in most other situations to mean to clean: Limpiamos absolutamente todo con este producto. (We clean absolutely everything with this product.)Te limpiamos tu casa en 15 minutes. (We clean your house for you in 15 minutes.)Ms de 30 estudiantes limpiaron la zona. (More than 30 students cleaned up the area.)Limpià © el ordenador y se fue el problema. (I cleaned the computer and the problem went away.) ¿Cà ³mo limpias el filtro de partà ­culas en tu Volkswagen? (How do you clean the particulate filter in your Volkswagen?) Limpar can be used to mean to clean or to clean up in a figurative sense: No es difà ­cil limpiar su PC de spyware y malware. (Its not difficult to rid your PC of spyware and malware.)El gobierno desea limpiar el deporte con una nueva ley. (The government wants to clean up the sport with a new law.) Limpiar is also used to refer to the removal of undesired parts from a fish: Limpiar el salmà ³n retirndole la piel, la grasa y las espinas. (Clean the salmon by removing the skin, the fat and the bones.) The lava form of lavar is used to form various compound words: lavacoches (car wash), lavamanos (sink for washing hands), lavapelo (a beauticians chair for washing hair), lavarropas (washing machine), lavavajillas (dishwasher, dishwashing soap). Other Verbs for Cleaning Lavar and limpiar are by far the most common verbs for to clean, at least two others are used in certain circumstances: Ordenar can be used when the emphasis in putting things in order. Cada abril ordeno el garaje. (Every April I clean the garage.)Purificar, a cognate of purify, is sometimes used when the emphasis is on removing impurities. Mi amiga usa la crema cara para purificar la cara. (My friend uses the expensive cream to clean her face.) Key Takeaways Lavar is often used when talking about cleaning the body or clothing, or when the cleaning involves washing with water.Limpiar is used for most other situations as the equivalent of to clean.The conjugated forms lava and limpia are frequently used to form compound words.

Psychological Perspectives from the Movie Girl, Interrupted Essay

Psychological Perspectives from the Movie Girl, Interrupted - Essay Example Although there are several characters in the movie showing symptoms of different types of mental disorders, this paper will only focus its discussion only to one mental illness, the â€Å"borderline personality disorder (BPD)†. Primarily, this paper intends to compare this movie against the real manifestations of BPD if these were properly presented. Secondly, this paper would try to relate the title of the movie to the plot of the movie. Thus, at the end of the day, after reading this paper, it is expected that the readers must have learned some good knowledge about â€Å"borderline personality disorder† since this paper will highlight the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of BPD, a favorable input for this psychology class. The summary of the plot begins to revolve around the main character in the person of Susanna Kaysen (portrayed by Winona Ryder), â€Å"a young girl of eighteen, raised in an unstable environment starting with her parents† (Filme para 2013). â€Å"Her mother showed signs of mood swings while her father showed very inappropriate aggression† (Filme  Ã‚  2013). Her life was not like that of any other ordinary normal eighteen years old would experience. Susanna was portrayed to display â€Å"damaging behaviors like stormy relationships with her parents and dangerous activities like having sexual activity with many men in a day† (Filma 2013). She was also shown â€Å"to display self-destructive behaviors when she attempted to commit suicide by drinking aspirin and a bottle of vodka which caused her to be put in a mental institution† (Filme   2013).  

Does Thomas Jefferson Deserve to Be Honored in American History Term Paper

Does Thomas Jefferson Deserve to Be Honored in American History - Term Paper Example Jefferson was an influential member of the Continental Congress and was an important founding father. When the American Revolution began Jefferson was already part of the Continental Congress being the representative of Virginia. During the revolution Jefferson assumed the position of wartime Governor of Virginia (1779 to 1781) and was barely able to escape capture at the hands of British troops in 1781. He became the third president of the United States of America in 1801 and continued to 1809 amongst a series of bitter sweet political and military decisions that have received appreciation and criticism alike (Ellis). Jefferson has often been accused of copying other people’s ideas (such as those of Locke) when drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It must be borne in mind that Jefferson himself stated that the document was â€Å"meant as a statement of the prevailing sentiments† amongst Americans at that point in time. To expect Jefferson to monopolize the contents of such an important and integral historical document would be a far greater sin than his admission that the ideas carried in the document were borrowed. In drafting the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was merely trying to reflect on the state of current polity on the American continent and not trying to be a â€Å"creative director† of the American Revolution (Malone). Another of Jefferson’s more important actions was his drafting of the Virginia Statutes for Religious Freedom in 1777 which can be seen as the founding document for the cherished American ideals of liberation and freedom. As a result of this document the Church was separated from the State and it served as a precedent for others to follow. Religious liberation at such an early stage in the nascent American nation’s history helped America to avoid the costly and meaningless religious wars that were still being fought on the European continent. Jefferson was denounced as a â€Å"g odless heathen† by a number of his contemporaries because of this document and its implications but he waded through this mess in order to offer the nation religious liberation. Such actions on the part of Jefferson cannot be downplayed as they represented a large initiative for a society that derived its roots from some nuances of religion. Moreover Jefferson was instrumental in setting up the University of Virginia in 1819 which was aimed at upgrading the existing levels of higher education in the United States. Similarly Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France near doubled the size of the United States although the entire transaction is mired in controversy (Wilentz). Jefferson was not open to the idea of such a large purchase for largely political reasons but he nonetheless went ahead with the purchase at the insistence of his advisors and his representatives for the negotiation. Preceding Jefferson’s regime the American shipping industry had to pay large endowments to the Barbary pirates in order to guarantee safe passage in the Mediterranean. However during Jefferson’s regime the demands of the Barbary States assumed ludicrous proportions so Jefferson decided to pursue hard military action against the pirates in order to quell the problem. Jefferson’s decision to pursue military action set the tone for future American engagement in global

Autonomy in elderly care: A literature review

Autonomy in elderly care: A literature review Introduction Older persons in history have been regarded as dependent because of the physical body changes that come with growing older. These physical changes greatly affect the normal functioning and the effectiveness with which they operate and hence the need for external support both at the physical and social levels (Agich, 2003). As the physical energy wanes, so does the level of activity not only to support themselves physically but also on a wider scale. It is these very changes that bring to light the issues of care and dependence of older persons on caregivers and/or family support. However and important to note, like in the rest of other social groups, older persons are a heterogeneous group in terms of gender, race, culture, class and otherwise (Bond and Corner, 2004) and therefore, there needs vary accordingly. Further, as Bond and Cabrero (113: 2007) point out, mental and physical incapacity and disability which lead to dependence are common stereotypes of human ageing. Older people in care or not have been seen as frail and therefore unable to make decisions, communicate, and engage in meaningful relationships with their surrounding environment. As a result, their autonomy in care has been compromised. Jacob (1999) cited in Townsend (2009) compounds it further that professionals and families of older people as well consciously and unconsciously bear discriminatory assumptions about them. To this end, this paper explores autonomy of older people in care in depth, evaluates existing social work practice and suggests strategies to ensure both caregivers and service users promote an interdependence that would help in reinforcing control and respect for service users. Collopy (1988) defines autonomy as a set of notions that promote freedom, self-determination, independence that is signifying control and the power to make decisions by the individual. From a medical view point once one is admitted into care they are not well and therefore cannot cope on their own let alone make decisions. Because of this, they are viewed as patients who are incapacitated and therefore have to depend on caregivers. However, one wonders whether all older persons are incapacitated on all fronts. Even when they are fragile, do the Caregivers have sufficient expertise to socialize and communicate with them? These and other questions remain largely unanswered. This view therefore tends to ignore the strengths and abilities of the older persons. Like Runciman cited in Bond and Corner (2004) explains, in understanding social status, it is more meaningful to study individuals from their perspective and values so as correct judgments are made about them. Like all other social groups, older people too would be better understood from the view point of their everyday experiences at an individual level other than having to impose what we think is best for them. This would imply that understanding older persons’ desires means a lot to them rather than assuming that we know all they need. Understanding of Autonomy and Care for Older Persons Contextually Autonomy as a concept connotes a different set of meanings depending on the setting or context. It is defined differently in a sense that it means different things to different users and therefore taking one meaning or usage would very much complicate its very usage at the different cultural and societal levels on the whole (Agich, 2003). The fact that it spells out different meanings and qualities, in care for older persons too, would be quite a challenge for both the service users and the Caregivers themselves. Autonomy as a cultural ideal under the guise of freedom of choice especially in the western context is very much viewed as a necessary feature for any individual. In regard to United States for example, freedom is seen as a basic of life and therefore without which, is deprivation of an individual of a basic right (Agich, 2003). It is important to note that this freedom starts at birth throughout life and therefore including in old age, whether in care or not. In care too, w ithout the liberty for one to advance their choices would be seen as degrading by the service user and therefore subservient to the caregiver (Agich, 2003). However this raises the question of what might happen when the service user is suffering from a severe cognitive impairment? This clearly indicates the challenge of according full autonomy to service users. On the other hand in countries like South Africa where the elderly are seen as very important assets within their communities, it is argued that freedom begins with avoiding taking elders away from their very communities to institutionalized care (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). Institutionalized care would be seen as denying older persons an environment they consider natural and fulfilling. This entails an environment which allows them to share their older age with their kith and kin; who in this case know them better and therefore interdependence remains natural. Further, this kind of setting allows for respect and control of older persons based on cultural values. Even when older persons are mentally incapacitated, the family caregiver will know what they have always desired that is, their favorite food, dressings, entertainment and the like. This in a sense allows for older persons freedom in a manner that is fulfilling in this kind of context. However, it cannot go without mention th at this kind of setting requires strong family structures that allow for time and financial capacity from the family members to take care of the elderly. With the spread of neo-liberalism that promotes capitalism and individualism, some of these especially extended family systems have broken down hence rendering older persons susceptible to dependence on hired caregivers in a family setting or institutional care (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). Evaluation of Existing Social Work Practice and Care Provision for Older People Inasmuch as the intentions of care for older persons are seen as good, the outcomes of both institutionalized and family care are not always pleasant (Talerico, 2004). When service users are put into care, the assumption is that it is for the wellbeing of the service users because they are being given help physically, socially and otherwise. This in many a case does not always happen because of the very nature of how older person are perceived in the eyes of the caregivers. The societal perceptions of older persons delude caregivers of the capacities and strengths that service users possess. As Townsend (2006) theorizes it, these very perceptions give birth to the ideas of ‘structured dependence’ for older persons. For example a situation where the state deliberately introduces structures and policies like compulsory institutional care for older persons that are very much underpinned by the very disempowering and biased perceptions held strongly by society. Caregivers base their understanding of service users on the very notions they grow up with which in many cases misguides their treatment of older persons (Jacobs, 1999 cited in Townsend, 2003). In which case, service users find themselves in a difficult situation that is, cannot voice their concerns either because the surrounding environment is not supportive enough or for fear of retaliation from the caregivers (Townsend, 2006). In an investigation conducted in the United Kingdom by ‘Help the Aged International’ (2002), older persons in long-term care have suffered a series of blows partly due to the lack of quality assurance on part of the institutions and also a lack of competence from the caregivers on how to communicate with service users to deliver the required services (Townsend, 2006). A classic example in this investigation highlights a woman who was suffering from Alzheimer’s disease; she was dying of dehydration but no one could tell and she finally pas sed on. This is clearly an indication of lack of expertise on part of the Caregivers and as well an indicator of many others who are in the same or even worse-off situation. The fact that they could not communicate with her, they decided to take matters in their own hands; clears indicates of how dependence on Caregiver can get messy especially when there is a lacking in skills or quality assurance by the caregivers whether in institutional or family setting. On the other hand, very few studies explore the experience of older persons’ autonomy in care, whether in institutionalized or family in the developing world. Nonetheless, in a study conducted in South Africa, there is an indication of a shift in policy of primarily taking away older persons from institutionalized care to community based care with a view of keeping them closer to their kith and kin (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). However, due to issues of neo-liberalism which advance capitalism and individualism, this leaves older persons in family care at even greater risk as would-be caregivers opt for work and hire caregivers who despite the cultural attachment with these older persons, are little known to the service users. Despite being in family settings, little is known whether the hired caregivers promote values of preferences and control of older persons. This puts the issues of meaningful relationships and interdependence in question for the older person in this kind of setting. As cited by Zubi and Conolly (2013), as well in cases where the institutional care exists, there are cases of understaffing and under funding of care activities for older persons. As a result, this raises the levels of fatigue and emotional exhaustion which leads to compromise in the quality of care. This is a clear depiction that with burnout of caregivers, self-determination of service users is not anything that would be given priority. Further, in a study conducted by Leece and peace (2009), in which an attempt to understand what autonomy and independence of service users in care meant to caregivers, majority of them concluded that a service user had to be in a position to do everything on their own. Considering the wider and contextual understanding of autonomy; for example in terms of decision making and positive relationships, this is an indicator of how caregivers unconsciously take service users for granted in care and hence a need for evaluation of social care practice. It is important to note that inasmuch as some service user are not in a position to make decisions on their own, Talerico (2003) stresses that caregivers have taken no initiative in trying to understand how to communicate with them so as to create an environment of interdependence; that is understanding their daily activities, abilities, values and histories. All this would go a long way in shaping the caregiver’s approach to interdepen dence in care (Agich, 2003). Strategies to Improve Older Persons’ Autonomy in Care As stressed by Talerico (2004), care settings are congregated environment in which the most important thing is maximizing health and support. She adds that these very goals defeat the very purpose of autonomy because as oppose to individual choices generalist care is promoted. It should be noted however that this can raise ethical questions because service users are different and therefore their needs vary. As fronted by Leece and Peace (2009), establishment of personalized care for services users would go a long way in addressing this. This means that caregivers give a special attention to individual to not only understand their histories, values and choices but establishing effective skills of communicating with them on the whole. Even older persons with cognitive difficulties can communicate (Agich, 2003). Therefore, Caregivers must be equipped with these skills to give more meaning to care for older persons. From the earlier discussion of caregivers who understood autonomy of older persons in care as only being able to perform tasks independently, it is very clear that communities of practice are very important. These mainly refer to a multidisciplinary approach to working with older persons in care. This emphasizes working with different professionals who work together to determine what’s best for service users (wenger et al cited in May, 2009). As nurses focus on the medical component, social workers focus on their values and preferences and policy makers advance policies that promote older people’s necessities at all levels. This promotes a better understanding older person whether in care or not. As well, this implies better working relationship not only among professionals but also with service users who are engaged at different levels. Further, this in a sense, promotes interdependence among them as dependence is phased out. In addition to promoting a better understan ding older persons, specialist skills training would be important for the effective intervention of professionals at different levels. This explains the case for being able to communicate, identify their strengths and abilities and the like. Advocacy for the rights of older people would serve to bring their issues to the forefront (HelpAge International, 2010). Historically and socially, older people have been looked at from a medical view point as frail and therefore unable to perform task let alone making their own decisions. This is clearly a sweeping generalization that does not fit the bracket of all older persons. But because this has been the case for a long time, it has come to be accepted and upheld. This line of thought therefore very much underpins the policies and activities that are geared towards older people where they are seen as ‘dependent’ as oppose to partners in working. Therefore, in deconstructing this line of thought, advocacy through community dialogue and raising aware awareness of older persons’ issues autonomy in care among which, would go a long way rectifying the age-old negative connotations about ageing. As communities accept to dialogue and become aware of the reality o f old age, policies and agendas will begin to come up. In the long run this shapes the societal outlook of older persons at every single level. HelpAge International (2010) highlights how Tanzanian older women have been branded witches by their societies. As a result, this explains the kind of nasty treatment that they have been accorded whether in care or not. But by dialoguing with communities, the trend is changing for the better. Important to note is that advocacy would not directly promote autonomy in care for older persons but rather it goes a long way in pushing for older persons’ concerns high on the agenda. With the guidance of social workers, this in the short run would guide social policy and in the long run challenge and change societal outlook of ageism. Conclusion In a nutshell, if older persons are to gain control over their lives in care, then there needs to be a re-conceptualization of caring for older people; â€Å"where caregivers become supporters and advocates but not custodians and guardians as it were† (Nolan et al, 2001). As oppose to older persons being passive recipients of care, they become active participants who have some sort of control over their life while in care. This very much promotes interdependence between service users and caregivers. Concretely, as advanced by Rogers (1974), an individual-centered approach to caring, where the service user is placed at the centre of activities, would help caregivers in identifying the specific strengths and abilities of service users and therefore creating better working relationships which in the end promote interdependence and an acceptable level of control of service users. References Agich G. J. (2003) Dependence and Autonomy in Old age: An Ethical framework for Long-term Care, 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University press. Bond, J and Cabrero, G.R. (2007) Ageing in Society: European perspectives on Gerontology 3rd Edition, London: Sage publications Bond, J and Corner, L. (2004) Quality of life and Older people, 1st edition, McGraw Hill: Open University Press Fine, M. and Glendinning, C. (2005) ‘Dependence, independence or inter-dependence? Revisiting the concepts of ‘care’ and ‘dependency’. Ageing and Society, 25, 601-21, available online at http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1653/1/dependency.pdf [accessed 2 January 2014] HelpAge International (2010) Women’s rights in Tanzania. [Online] Available from http://www.helpage.org/what-we-do/rights/womens-rights-in-tanzania/ [Accessed 3 January 2014]. Katz, P.R., R.L. Kane, Mezey, and D. Mathy (Eds.). 1995. Quality Care in Geriatric Settings: Focus on Ethical Issues. New York: Springer. Leece, J and Peace, S (2010) Developing New Understandings of Independence and Autonomy in the Personalized Relationship. British Journal of Social work, 40, 1847–1865. Lombard, A. Kruger, E. (2009) older persons, the case of South Africa. Ageing International, 34: 119 – 135, available from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=0294ee3e-afec-4dad-882a-3b6fd4656d61%40sessionmgr4001vid=2hid=4204 [Accessed 1 January 2014] May, L. A. (2009) Communities of practice in Health and Social Care. 2nd edition, Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell Nolan, M., Davies, S., and Grant, G. (2001) Working with older people and their families. Open University Press: McGraw Hill Education Rogers, C. (1974) On Becoming a Person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. London: Constable. Talerico, K. (2004) Honoring Resident Autonomy in Long-Term Care Special Considerations. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 42, (1) Townsend, P. (2006)‘Policies for the aged in the 21st century: more ‘structured dependency’ or the realization of human rights?’Ageing and Society, 26 (02): 161 – 179 Zubi, Y. and Conolly, P. (2013) Recollected experiences of first hospitalization for acute psychosis among persons diagnosed with schizophrenia in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 19 (3), p81-85. Little Red Riding Hood: Angela Carter Little Red Riding Hood: Angela Carter All fairy tales, both old and new that exist today can be said to have a long history that lies beneath them. However, some aspects of the fairy-tale history are somewhat hard to trace because its only the literary forms that can obviously survive. Furthermore, what we do know is that the majority of them have been around and retold for many years. Most, if not all of the famous fairy tales that we know have been adapted into various new versions as products of new challenging ideas around the society in which we live. Bonner states that fairy tales are the usual subjects of adaptation because of their massive appeal to both adults and children worldwide.  [1]  The story Little Red Riding Hood arguably offers a very interesting and challenging tale for enhancements through the application of the chosen contemporary theories in literary criticism that some critics have noticed throughout the years of its existence. Furthermore, in this essay I intend to compare Perraults version o f Little Red Riding Hood with Angela Carters version Company of Wolves. Little Red Riding Hood, Little Red Cap or simply Red Riding Hood is a European fairy-tale about a young innocent girl and a wolf. The tale was first published by Charles Perrault in 1697, which in fact was an adaptation of an older tale still. Thus, Perraults version ever since has been adapted and criticised throughout its history. Zipes holds the genre is relevant to contemporary culture as it holds issues that exist within gender and its society.  [2]   Perraults version was named Little Red Riding Hood. The red hood is seen as a popular symbol in Europe and North America. In the 19th century young daughters of wealthy families were painted in red caps or hoods. Erich Fromm considers the hood to symbolise menstruation and the approaching puberty that lingers upon the young person that wears it.  [3]   Perraults version can be described as a much more descriptive fairytale than many others. It begins with once upon a time  [4]  which the traditional way to start a fairy-tale and also gives the image of timelessness throughout the tale. This relates to the narration and the structure within the fairy-tale of which certainly precedes the middle classs existence within. It portrays the image of the little girl being highly attractive the prettiest creature who was ever seen.  [5]  She is also said to be extremely naÃÆ' ¯ve, the poor child who did not know it was dangerous to stay and hear the wolf talk.  [6]  This shows her innocence and that she isnt aware of the bad happenings in the outside world due to her controlled life at home and within her society, this relates to Trimmers view that both children and childrens tales should be kept away from such happenings within society that are out of the norm.  [7]   In Perraults version of the tale the little girls mother simply instructs her to take some food for her grandmother: never mentioning danger or anything that she should avoid on her journey, thus showing how safe society was perceived throughout the time. Tater argues it resembles a somewhat cautious tale to society, a wakeup call.  [8]   Moreover, the existence of the wolf within the tale gives the audience an image of a villain being portrayed. The wolf is seen as a popular image of danger in fairy tales as it is seen in this and other stories such as The Three Little Pigs. It is an obvious predator that exists within the forest and thus relates to a natural choice for the story rather than witches etc. it can also be portrayed as a metaphor for a sexually predatory man. He is of course the only male gender within the tale thus is portrayed as a powerful and strong figure, seen in the phrase gaffer wolf  [9]  personifying the wolf as the boss within the tale. He shows a strong influence upon the naÃÆ' ¯ve country girl as he persuades her to divert from the safe path in which she was on after foolishly telling him exactly where she was going. This clearly portrays to the audience a somewhat clear contrast between the village and its surrounding in which the girl lives, which is seen as safe and the dangers tha t are withheld in the wide world past what the little girl is used to. Hence, holding a strong morality message throughout the fairytale, warning people to stick to what they know. Tater identifies the tale as a place to work through people thoughts and anxieties about sexuality, gender and sometimes violence.  [10]  When Little Red Riding Hood makes it to the house, she has no sense of anything wrong and states What big arms you have!  [11]  Exclamation can be argued to be the favourite story element for tales, being seen as a story building tool that creates the anticipation and horror for the reader as they know that she isnt talking to her grandmother. Warner considers her initial failure to distinguish the wolf from her grandma as a crucial element within the story, as it creates the tension before the horrific ending of the fairy-tale. Furthermore, critics that exist such as Freud argue that there is evidence of underlying sexual motivations and tensions, evidence of this is the Hungry wolf simply not just eating the poor old grandmother, but he fell upon the good woman.  [12]  Feminist critics portray this as an image of rape and sexual tension. In addition, before he sadly digests the young girl he invites her to bed, come and lie down with me.  [13]  This can be seen as another sexual connotation within the tale, and also a disturbing image for its older audience. Thus being an innocent, clueless little girl she climbs into bed with him. Therefore by disobeying her mothers instructions and talking to strangers Freud dramatically insinuates that this struggle can only lead to her death which is the exact fate of Little Red Riding Hood, as he ate her up too.  [14]  The terrifying ending makes the tale seems more realistic leading to the moral at the end of the story of not talking to strangers and stay ing to paths in life you are familiar with; Bettelheim says it deliberately threatens the child with its anxiety producing ending.  [15]   Moreover, the tale of Little Red Riding Hood has been seen to undergo adaptation in relation to society of the time. Hence, in comparison to Perraults version, The Company of Wolves by Angela Carter. This can be found in her selection of short stories within Bloody Chamber. Throughout the short story Carter retells the famous fairytale in a somewhat gothic light. It is said to convey the completeness of corruption and unconventional ideas of sexuality and an ability to defend one using characteristics which are usually conveyed through a male such as slyness and confidence.  [16]  However, unlike the Perraults version, it takes place in a mountainous country on Christmas Eve in the dead of winter. Thus, in comparison to Perrault there are no flowers or sunshine present for the little girl to get distracted by on her walk to Grandma. Angela spends the first part of the story telling the reader terrifying folk tales of wolfs and werewolves that bombard society and proceed to do ruthless and evil deeds that live to kill. Clearly it adapts with the time within the story when food would be scarce and these creatures are said to lack the ability to listen to reason.  [17]  They are portrayed as forest assassins, grey members of a nightmare.  [18]  They were feared so great that children carried knifes around with them, seen as different to the original Little Red Riding Hood who isnt even warned of the dangers that she could encounter on her journey. In Carters version, the wolves are disguised as men and have to become naked to become a werewolf within the tale, If you spy a naked man in the forest run as if the devil were after you.  [19]  Moreover this can be seen to link to Perraults version, as it holds the notion of sexual tension and desires and involves the wolf as a sexual predator, a symbol of bo th danger and desire. However, Carters version holds a twist within the tale in that the young girl is able to triumph, by adapting her new found sexual desires and power and thus, gives in to notions of somewhat carnal desire, unlike Perraults characters that are seen to be weak and unable to fend for themselves. Furthermore, similar to Perraults version we see Little Red Riding Hood again to be all innocent as she is described as an unbroken egg, a sealed vessel  [20]  and also beautiful with pale skin and dark hair. In addition, as before she is taking food to her sick grandmother; however we see a sense of time and self-defence within this tale as she takes a large knife for her 2 hour trip,  [21]  and we are told its Christmas Eve again portraying that sense of time and place. However, due to her naivety and the way she has been brought up se doesnt think she is in danger as she is too loved to ever feel scared.  [22]  She is portrayed as the most beautiful and young girl in the family thus they want to keep her young. However, the difference between this girl and Perraults version is that she has a notion of menstruation and sexual readiness about her evidence of this is, the childs cheeks are an emblematic and scarlet white.  [23]  This portrays the young girl as being o n the verge of puberty and menstruation, thus adding to the idea of her vulnerability. This is further shown when she bumps into the wolf in the forest who is in fact a hunter and finds him immediately attractive. Compared to Perraults version of events Little Red Riding Hood makes friends with this stranger and foolishly lets him carry her basket which has her knife in. After a long walk, and when she has told him were she is going, he bribes her with a kiss for the winner of whoever gets to grandmas house first. Liking this idea she agrees and allows him to leave with her basket, this gives the image of bargaining with the notion of seduction. Unlike before little red riding hood shows her adolescence and sticks to the path shes on. However, she walks slowly to ensure he gets his kiss again showing her sexuality and desires. The wolf arrives at the grandmothers house as a completely different person that we have just witnessed before; he is chewing meat of his catch like a savage. Carter then links in the sexual connotations as he strips naked revealing a naked, hairy, lie covered body,  [24]  and his nipples that are as red as poison fruit.  [25]  He then devours her. However disgusting this image, it is portrayed as somewhat attractive and sexually arousing. The grandmother within the tale is old and feeble as in Perraults version also, however, she lives alone with her dog and bible. In the past she has lived her life as a devoted Christian and wife. She throws the bible at him showing some self-defence which the original grandmother doesnt even attempt in Perraults version, sadly though this isnt enough to help her against the wolf that is upon her. He then disposes all evidence and waits for the girl to arrive. Unlike the little girl in Perraults version upon her arrival in Carters short story she immediately realises that something isnt right and senses danger in grandmothers house, fear does her no good so she refuses to be afraid.  [26]  When she arrives there are uses of the same rhymes within the Perraults version, thus showing connections within the adapted version. However, in this tale the girl sees the wolf as strange, unknown creature and thus gives him his owed kiss and starts to undress herself. It is argued by Bettelheim that we can see Little Red Riding Hood wear her desires and sexuality literally on her sleeve. This is seen through her cape, as it portrays a sexual readiness and again symbolising menstruation and blood that she will shed when she loses her virginity. She shows a somewhat sexual power that allows her to intoxicate the lustful creature, small breasts gleamed as if snow had entered the room.  [27]  Evidently, the seduction gets reversed and we see the p ower shift as the girl becomes the sexual creature within the tale. This can be seen as the reason why grandma and the original little red riding hood didnt survive, she was old and lacked wit and tactfulness, Little Red Riding hood refuses to be weak and vulnerable as she survives and sacrifices her virginity to save her life, showing that self-defence that the original girl didnt have. She comments on the wolves teeth as in the original but when the wolf says all the better to eat you with  [28]  instead of screaming and having her fate decided, she laughs and says im nobodys meat  [29]  , Bacchilega interprets this meaning as acting out sexual desires offering her flesh not meat, hence sacrificing her body to him sexually then burning her cape in order to become one of the werewolves herself and adapt to his kind. The cottage is then surrounded by wolves howling a marriage song and the girl engages in a marriage ceremony conducted by the choir. Thus feminists state that s he does not call upon god or scream or get eaten. She freely exercises her own sexual power, trusting her own nature.  [30]  This then leads to sleeps in grannys bed, between the paws of her tender wolf.  [31]  A disturbing image towards its audience. It is also interesting to see that Carter uses a werewolf instead of a wolf that is used in Perraults version. Timmer states that this produces a moral message to its audience, whether that be children or adults that people should not judge others, people arent always what they seem.  [32]  Thus using a half wolf half human villain within the story allows us to identify with the wolf as people and maybe realise that we all have a little beast in us at some point. In conclusion, one of the many adapted versions of Perraults implies that sexuality is not something within our society that should be something we loath, fear or runaway from and a bad end, which we see within the Perraults version comes only form those in servile situations. Through Carter, we see the young girl take the power into her own hands and use it without fear or shame in order to survive unscathed unlike Perraults version, what ends in tragedy from both the grandma and Little Red Riding Hood. However, both versions are heavily criticised by many, especially feminists as they say it is full on female liberation that implies the view to the reader that nothing else in the world will save you against such horror and the only way to survive is through temptation, desire and the ability to fight fire with fire.

Summer Reading :: Creative Writing Essays

Summer Reading It was a bright, hot summer day when it all happened. I could have been sitting at the beach or swimming. Although that was not the case. I had to actually put effort into something, to actually think , to actually well, read. I went upstairs to find the summer reading list. I looked through pile after pile of school computer printouts but still no luck of that little reading list. I began to get frustrated and decided the best thing to do now would be to take a break, and that is exactly what I did. I got into my bathing suit and went for a nice swim. I was swimming for about an hour when all of a sudden I got this thirst for a nice cool beverage. Thoughts began to flow through my mind about how quenching and replenishing that glass of coke would taste. This caused me to immediately jump out of the pool and run in for a drink. As I took a cup from the cabinet I saw in the reflection of the glass a blue sheet on the refrigerator. I immediately turned around and there I saw under a magnet, on the refrigerator, the summer reading list! I wanted to start reading as soon as possible. Although I wanted to see how many books I could read that were on the summer reading list but would not have to go to the library to get a hold of. My mother is a big book reader so I checked her collection and I found one. "The Terminal Man" By: Michael Crichton. To my surprise I actually enjoyed reading this book. I don't like reading that much, I rather watch a movie. This book however was different. It was really suspenseful and hard to put down. I know my story sounds really convincing but I will prove to you any way that I read this book by giving you a quick summary of the novel. Harry Benson, the main character, is a 31 year old computer scientist. About 4 years back he got into a car accident and got brain damage which causes him mental seizures. What happens during these seizures is that he goes on a violent rampage for seven or so hours and then all of a sudden wakes up from this seizure and does not know what has happened or what he has done. Harry is admitted to Universal Hospital, the doctors plan to implant electrodes into his brain to shock the part of his brain that causes the seizure right